The current draft scalable extension to HEVC offers two approaches, RefIdx and TextureRL, for performing inter-layer prediction. In the framework of TextureRL, this paper first presents a mode-dependent pixel-based weighted intra prediction scheme for coding the enhancement layer (EL). The scheme first decomposes the EL intra prediction and the collocated base layer reconstructed block into their respective DC and AC components and then computes a weighted sum of both components to form a better prediction signal using a pixel-based weighting scheme. The experimental results show an average BD-rate savings of 1,0% for the AI-2x configuration and 0,5% for AI-1.5x over the SHM-1.0 anchor.

Plasma technology has been studied and applied for water treatment in recent years. This technology reveals many advantages compared to conventional methods such as chlorination, ozonation, and UV. The plasma technology efficiently destructs or inactivates bacteria and micro-organisms. Furthermore, plasma can oxidize organic compounds and inorganic pollutants in water. This paper reviews the method to generate cold plasma from dielectric barrier discharges in air and results of water treatment by this method. This paper also summarizes conventional methods for water treatment and suggests research trends on cold plasma for water treatment in Vietnamese condition.

This paper conducted research on current state of application of open source softwares NEST and SNAPHU for DEM generation from InSAR pair images. Experimental results showed that the open source softwares have suitable functionalities for DEM generation with high relative accuracy. However, they do have some limitations in processing speed (for the case of NEST), interfaces and operating system problems (for the case of SNAPHU).

An efficient method for locating fruit on the tree and estimating the distance from the center of the fruit to camera system is one of the major requirements for the fruit harvesting system. This paper proposes a computer vision algorithm for detecting ripe tomatoes and estimating the distance from the camera system to the ripe tomato on the tree using stereo vision system. The main steps of the algorithm include color segmentation, region labeling, size filtering, and boundary determination for ripe tomato candidate regions, shape feature extraction for localization of the ripe tomato on the tree and distance estimation using stereo vision system. The experiment was performed with 100 images in which there were a total of 244 ripe tomatoes. The accuracy of ripe tomato recognition based on r-g chromaticity color space and based on color analysis was 96.7% and 88.9% respectively.

In order to implement precise farming, it is crucial to obtain precise positions of agricultural machineries, unmanned aerial vehicles, etc. With the current under-developed Global Navigation Satellite System infrastructure, it is difficult to implement precise positioning due to the high cost of the precise positioning system. The aim of this research is to evaluate the precision of low-cost GPS recievers with different positioning techniques, especially Real-Time Kinematic GPS. Preliminary experimental results showed that an RTK-GPS system with self-built base station could achieve positioning precision of 0.2 m when the rover moved in a predefined route. It is promising that low-cost GPS receivers and antennas can be used to implement precise farming where positioning precision is acceptable within 0.2 m.

The experiment was carried out in five polyethylene (PE) digesters each of them either contains 100% pig manure (100%PH), 100% water hyacinth (100%LB), 100% rice straw (100%RO), 50%LB+50%PH, or 50%RO+50%PH with anaerobic fermentation volume of 4.24 m3 and monitoring period of 60 days. The results showed that 100%RO and 100%LB digesters had short operation time (23 and 27 days, respectively) in comparison with 50%RO+50%PH, 50%LB+50%PH and 100%PH digesters (60 days). In term of total cumulative biogas volume, the study illustrated that there was no difference between 50%LB+50%PH; 50%RO+50%PH and 100%PH digesters (cumulative biogas volume of 55.3; 56.0 and 59.8 m3, respectively). However, it was higher than 100%LB and 100%RO digesters (cumulative biogas volume of 19.0 and 21.0 m3, respectively). Digesters that used completely water hyacinth and rice straw as the input substrates had the problems of short duration, cumulative total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs), pH drop, floating of rice straw and water hyacinth in the digester. The study proved that pig manure could be replaced by rice straw and water hyacinth in the level of 50% (base on VS) in case of lacking input substrates. It is highly recommended that pH, cumulative TVFAs, floating of rice straw and water hyacinth in the digester need to be studied in the research of using rice straw and water hyacinth for biogas production.

Aim of this study was to isolate native fungal strains from an intensive rice cultivation soil sample at Phong Hoa village, Lai Vung district, Dong Thap province to quickly decompose organic wastes. Soil sample was collected from the rice farm with historical rice cultivation of more than 30 years. The Bushnell Haas Medium (BHM) media contaning carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/lignin as the only carbon source was used to isolate and purify fungi. The comercial fungal strain of Can Tho University, Trichoderma sp., was chosen as a positive control. The results showed that 17 fungal with a high potential of decomposition of organic agricultural wastes were isolated and purified. Results of the decomposition experiments for six organic materials under the stelile condition after 30 incubation days revealed that different fungi had different decomposing capacities, with the highest capacity being found in the PH-C5 strain for both rice straw and spent coffee ground at a rate of 47,6% and 48,1%, respectively.  Sugarcane bagasse and coconut peat were highly degraded by the PH-L3 strain with a decomposing rate of 46,9% and 37,2%, respectively while sawdust and rice husk degradation was highest by the PH-L4 (32,9%) and the PH-L6 (50,9%). Trichoderma sp. showed lowest decomposition capacity for six selected organic materials under both sterile and non-sterile conditions as compared to PH-C5, PH-L3, PH-L4 and PH-L6 strain. Basing on the results of ITS region sequences, these four candidates were genetically identified as Aspergillus fumigatus (PH-C5), Penicillium janthinellum (PH-L3), Aspergillus fumigatus (PH-L4) and Rhizomucor variabilis (PH-L6).

Estuarine mangroves are favorable nurseries of many shrimp species. These nurseries maintain and increase marine shrimp population that provides an important wild broodstock for shrimp hatching and aquaculture industry. The main aim of this study was to evaluate shrimps’s accessibility to mangrove forest. Literature review was done to define the main influenced factors on shrimps’ access to mangrove (i.e. hydrological and geographical factors). The evaluation model was built at two different levels of geographical boundary, the space and time scale and other influenced factors; the main components and their major sub-influenced factors were defined. To apply this conceptual model, the mathematical model integrated with GIS and remote sensing data was built to evaluate shrimp accessibility to mangrove using shrimp density as a quantitative measure. The application to a test-site in Ngoc Hien district, Ca Mau province, Viet Nam showed that the model could be properly operated. Further studies are required for further calibration and validation of the model and extending the model to a larger space-time scale of evaluation is also recommended.

The My Luong town of the An Giang province is located in upstream section of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta, which is directly affected by annual floods from the Mekong River. The hard-measure systems of full-dyke and sluices have been building to protect triple rice crops from annual floods. However, the negative impacts of such hard measures are popularly accepted, including: (i) degradation of soil due to lack of sediments deposited from the floods and accumulation of chemical compounds; and, (ii) changes of flow dynamics in rivers / canals. A one-dimensional (1D) hydraulic model (HEC-RAS) was applied to simulate the flow dynamics in a full-dyke protected area. After processes of calibration and validation, Manning’s n coefficient of 0,035 was chosen for the studied canal network with acceptable agreement between simulated and observed stages. Water quality model was also built with a range of dispersion (D) coefficient of 0,0004 – 0,003 m2/s and 0,0004 – 0,005 m2/s in the dry and flood season, respectively according to the velocity of flows. This study provides a base for regional assessment on environmental impacts of the developed hard measures.

We give a generalization of Borwein-Preiss smooth variational principle for set-valued mappings, replacing the distance and the norm by a gauge-type lower semi-continuous function. For set-valued mappings, we consider a kind of minimizers which is different from the Pareto one.

The overall goal of this work is to optimize biodiesel production process from Jatropha curcas oil (JO). To achieve this goal, an acid-catalyzed pretreatment of highly acidic Jatropha curcas oil (AV = 49 mg KOH/g) followed by a transesterification procedure with methanol and potassium hydroxide as a catalyst was used to produce Jatropha curcas biodiesel (JME). The optimum reaction conditions were obtained by using response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with central composite design (CCD). The results showed that an optimum biodiesel yield of 83.71% could be obtained under the following reaction conditions: methanol content of 20.2% (by weight with respect to the oil), catalyst concentration of 0.64% (by weight with respect to the oil), and the reaction time of 40.8 minutes.

The 8-hydroxyquinoline-6-carboxylate core has been successfully constructed via a two step sequence including the Stobbe condensation followed by cyclization starting from the commercially available 3-pyridinecarbaldehyde. This is the first report about the Stobbe condensation reaction applied for a heterocyclic aromatic aldehyde. For further fuctionalization, the ethyl ester moiety of the 8-hydroxyquinoline core was hydrolyzed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid which was then activated toward amine attack via a carboxylic chloride derivative. Two 8-hydroxyquinoline-6-carboxamide derivatives were obtained by using benzylamine and 3-morpholinopropylamine. The structures of these compounds were fully confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DEPT and MS spectra.

Extracting stevioside from the Co Ngot (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) grown in Da Lat province was presented in this paper. The study focused on two methods to purify the extracts, such as using column chromatography with silica gel 60 and using celite column. The structure of stevioside was then identified based on the NMR spectral data.

This study is done to enhance the morphology and anatomy data of twenty cocoa cultivars (Theobroma cacao L.) which widely grow in the Southern Vietnam. Reproductive organs and plant organs were analysed and compared based on the morphological characteristics and anatomical tissue. These cocoa clones analysis refered from established procedures. Two hybrid groups comprised Criollo characteristic and Forastero features. The Forastero hybrid group included TD 5, TD 6, TD 7, TD 9, TD 11, TD 13, CT 5, CT 6, CT 21 with Amelonado pod set and yellow-orange yellow peel. The Criollo hybrid group showed Criollo charactaristics with Cundeamore/Angoleta pod set (CT 7, CT 8, CT 9, TD 1, TD 2, TD 8, TD 12, TD 14,TD 3, TD 6, TD 10) and red-orange red peel (TD 3, TD 6, TD 10). The tissue anatomy and floral description were not different among samples. This work showed significant results for further biomolecular researches and contributed in to breeding programmes, conservation and variety of selection activities.

Zeolite 4A, a white powder, was synthesized by the hydrothermal reaction of activated kaolin (metakaolin) derived from commercial kaolin, a low cost mineral, with sodium aluminate. The Southern Vietnam-kaolin was used as an alternative cheap raw material to sodium tripoly phosphate for the synthesis of zeolite 4A used in washing powder production. The process was carried out by hydrothermal treatment of metakaolin with aqueous solution of alkali sodium hydroxide (NaOH). In this study, the influence of the aging time and the amount of zeolite 4A crystal on the yield of the product was investigated. The characteristics and morphology of zeolite 4A crystals were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The particles had a cubic shape with characteristics of standard zeolite 4A

This study was conducted with the objectives of identifying the prevalence of coccidia infection and comparing blood physiological parameters between 2 groups: normal and infected chickens. A total of 166 fecal samples and 20 blood samples was collected and tested for oocyte presence by Willis’ flotation method. Results showed that the general coccidia infection was 36.74%, in which the highest infectious rate was recorded in over 2 month-old chickens, accounting for 42.5%, following by 1-2 month-old chickens with 40.3%, and the lowest ones belonged to under 1 month-old chickens (26.0%). The infection intensity of oocytes increased with ages of chicken with clinical signs such as: chicken droop, inactiveness, watery diarrhea with mucus, bloody or creamy exudate feces, ballooned caecumand thinned intestinal wall. The content of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and Hematocrite in infected chickens was lower; however, the number of leukocytes was higher than that in normal ones (p

Thirty six bacterial strains were isolated from samples of sweet potato roots in Hondat district, Kiengiang province. All isolated bacterial strains had rod shape and mobile. KL9, KL11, KL39a, KL39b endophytes with several good characteristics such as IAA biosynthesis, phosphate solubilization and fixing nitrogen were detected based on biochemical tests. KL9, KL39a, KL39b endophytes also had the ability to produce siderofores. Sequencing 16S-rDNA gene of these four endophytes indicated that KL9 had 99% identity with Burkholderia sprentiae and Burkholderia vietnamiensis, KL39a had 99% identity with Burkholderia ambifaria and Burkholderia vietnamiensis, KL39b had 99% identity with Enterobacter ludwigii and Enterobacter cloacae, KL11 had 99% identity with Klebsiella pneumoniae about 16S-rDNA gene. Interestingly, KL9, KL11, KL39a, KL39b endophytes had the best characteristics, they are suggested for biofertilizer production to apply to sweetpotato planted on sulphate soil of Hon Dat area.

The effects of temperature (70¸130oC) and extraction time (15¸90 minutes) on the polysaccharide and tannin content of red lingzhi were studied. Optimizing extraction process was realized based on the experimental design of times and temperatures. The results showed that temperature of 130°C and extraction time of 30 minutes produced the highest polysaccharide content (684.1 ±14.5 mg/l). Meanwhile, the highest tannin content (630.9 ±18.2 mg/l) achieved by implementing the extraction process at temperature of 120°C for 45 minutes. A response surface model to describe the combined temperature and time effects on the extraction of polysaccharide (or tannin) content was presented.

This research aims at the use of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum (DC2) in the production of yoghurt. The incubation time of Lactobacillus plantarum (DC2) in MRS broth, the influence of Lactobacillus plantarum (DC2) density on the fermentation time and quality of yoghurt were investigated. The effect of the combination between of Lactobacillus plantarum (2, 4, 6 và 8%) and commercial starters (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) 0.06 (g/kg), density 8.5.106 (cfu/g) on the fermentation process and yoghurt quality has been also evaluated. The results showed that the incubation time of Lactobacillus plantarum during 24 hours gave the high density (3.6´109 cfu/mL) that was appropriated for the fermentation process. The density of Lactobacillus plantarum of 6.108 (cfu/g) was selected for fermenting with high quality yoghurt. In addition, the milk pre-fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum could be added together with the starters at the ratio of  6% (based on the weight of milk) in order to produce the probiotic yoghurt.

Biological and histological studies on the ability of induced resistance of three kinds of fresh or wilt leaf extract of archangel (Eupatorium odoratum), Song đoi (Kalanchoe pinnata) and goat weed (Ageratum conyzoides) against the rice blast disease caused by Pyricularia gisea were conducted under laboratory and screenhouse conditions at Can Tho University to evaluate the induced resistance of three kinds of plant extracts based on the disease reduction, limitation of fungal sporulation, cellular reaction and polyphenol accumulation. The rice plant of Jasmine 85 was induced by seed soaking for 24 hours before incubation and leaf spraying at 15 days after sowing (DAS) with each of plant extracts at 4% concentration. Challenge of Pyricularia grisea at 20 DAS with concentration of 50,000 spores/ml. Disease assessment based on a scale of Pinnschmidt et al. (1993). Results showed that seed soaking and spraying with either Kalanchoe pinnata fresh or wilt leaf extract, Eupatorium odoratum wilt leaf extract or Ageratum conyzoides fresh leaf extract had the ability of induced resistance against blast by the disease reduction and sporulation limitation. Besides, fresh or wilt leaf extract of Kalanchoe pinnata had ability to induce the cellular reaction earlier and higher than those of other leaf extracts.

This study evaluated the effects of different leaf soybean defoliation levels at flowering of the soybean variety MTD517-8 to determine economic thresholds for applying pesticides. The pot experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 6 replications (3 plants/replication). The injury levels tested were: 1-Control (without cutting); 2-Cutting of 25%; 3- Cutting of 50%; 4- Cutting of 75% leaf area at beginning flowering stage. Injury was manually imposed, and insecticides were applied weekly to prevent injury by insects. Results showed that the plant height, number of branches, soybean yield, weight of 100 seeds and harvest idex were not reduced at 25% leaf injury level. These findings show that the recommended economic threshold of 25% leaf injury after flowering to initiate pest control is safe, and should be accepted by soybean growers.

Maintaining natural enemies for biological control has been considered as one of important goals in sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the model in which some flowers were intercropped with the bitter gourd in the field in order to attract and provide nutritions for natural enemies. Results indicated that there was significant difference in insect pests collected among the treatments (Pnt = 0,00). In the first trial, insect pests collected in the X3, X1, and X2 were low and significantly different in comparison with X0 treatment. In the second trial, X2 and X3 treatments provided the lowest density of insect pests meanwhile the pest density of X1 treatment in comparison with the highest one (X0) was relatively high in the experiment field. In addition, the numbers of natural enemies collected in X2 (Cosmos sulphureus) and X3 (Cosmos sulphureus and Lantana camara) were siginifcantly higher than that of the control treatment X0. The treatments of intercropping Cosmos sulphureus and Lantana camara attracted some natural enemies such as lady beetles, spiders, and parasitoids effectively in comparion with that of control treatment, resulting in the suppression of some bitter gourd’s pest development. Therefore, the role of flowers and natural enemies in the sustainable agricultural system was discussed in this study.

This study was aimed to identify doses of the N-P2O5-K2O-MgO composition effective on yield and quality of the aborted seed Ba Lang jackfruit in Cai Rang district, Can Tho city. An experiment was arranged in the completely randomized design with five treatments including amounts of fertilizer applied, i.e. 1, 2, 3, and 4 kg/plant/year of N-P2O5-K2O-MgO at the relative ratio of 4-2-4-1, and no application as a control treatment; each treatment had five replications with one tree for each. The applied amount was splitted to four times of application, viz. post harvest, pre-flowering, 30 days after fruit set and 60 days after fruit set. Results showed that applying different doses of N-P-K-Mg at 4-2-4-1 affected the flowering period, number of flowers per tree, yield and yield components, number of filled seeds, and quality of aborted seed ‘Ba Lang’ jackfruit. Application of 3 kg/tree/year brought about high yield, high aril quality (high oBrix, low TA, water content, number and ratio of filled seeds).

Rice infected with the rice grassy stunt virus disease through brown plant hoppers (BPH) had low yield and low production in the Mekong Delta. Using BPH-resistant rice varieties was a principal factor in the integrated crop management on rice. Selection rice varieties resistant to BPH and RGSV was done from years of 2008-2013 in order to find out varieties highly resistant to BPH and less susceptible to RGSV, with high yield and good adaptation. 342 rice varieties were tested for the resistance to BPH. Results showed that the BPH-resistant level of rice varieties reduced after 2-3 crops. Rice grassy stunt virus disease had correlated to the resistant level to BPH of rice varieties. Rice varieties containing bph4 and Bph18 genes showed well resistant to BPH in this reserach. MTL512, MTL645, HĐ1 and OM10043 had the high yield and highly adapted to all trial site conditions. MTL500, MTL645, OM4900 and OM6162 resisted to BPH and had the high yield and highly adapted in popular trial.

Objectives of this study were to: (1) identify the current status of integrated farming systems at the household level, (2) analyze the effects of diversified production to the benefit cost labor at the household level and the economic efficiency of farming systems and (3) identify the feasible solutions for efficient resource management. Integrated rice-vegetable-livestock system was the main farming system and covered more than 40% of the research area. Land use was covered 80%, 11% and 9% for rice, vegetable and dairy cow together with grass production, respectively. Total land area of the integrated farming was 1.2-1.6 ha per household, while only 0.5 ha per household for the monoculture farming. Total labor force per household was 3 persons. Household labor was the main source for their production, represented 71% of total production labor per year. Net income, benefit cost return (BCR), benefit cost input (BCI) of the diversified farming system were higher than of mono-production and farming system with less components such as intensive rice or vegetables. Economic return from dairy cow production contributed to 30% of total household income per year.

The present study was performed to evaluate the efficiency of supplementation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (B41) and Bacillus subtilis (B67) on the growth performance, survival rate of white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and the water quality in cultured tanks and each treatment had three replicates and lasted The control treatment had no addition of Bacillus and two other treatments were supplemented with either B. amyloliquefaciens or B. subtilis in the cultured tanks, at density of 105 CFU/mL. Fifty shrimps with an average initial weight of 1.01g and length of 4.88 cm were stocked in the 120-L tank at the density of 50 inds/tank. After 60 days of culture, results showed that survival rate of shrimp of providing B41 was the highest (57.3%) and was the lowest (40%) at controlled treatment. Bacillus densities and total bacteria were the highest and were lowest at treatment of B67 (6.58×104 CFU/mL; 8.0×105 CFU/mL) and control treatment (4.8×103 CFU/mL; 4.8×105 CFU/mL) respectively. Vibrio density of treatments that provided Bacillus bacteria were of different significance and were lower than that of control treatment. Growths on weight and length of white shrimp were the highest at treatment that provided B41 bacteria (0.098 g/day and 0.097 cm/day) and were lowest at control treatment (0.092 g/day and 0.091 cm/day). Results of the third experiment indicated that survival and growth performance of shrimp in the two supplemented Bacillus groups were significantly better (P0.05). Therefore, B41 can be considered a good probiotic bacteria for applying in shrimp culture to promote the growth rate of shrimp and improve water quality in the rearing tank.

Hemorrhagic disease has caused severe economic losses for mudskipper (Pseudapocryptes lanceolatus) farms in some provinces in the Mekong Delta. Diseased mudskipper samples were collected from intensive culture ponds in Soc Trang and Bac Lieu provinces with the clinical signs including hemorrhage on the body surface, fin, anal and gill cover, the internal organ cavity contained fluid with bad smell, hemorrhage or white on liver. Microscopic observation of fresh smear and stained with Wright & Giemsa of liver, kidney from these specimens revealed small cocci, gram positive bacterial cells. They attacked and broke the membrane of red blood cells. Histopathological examination of diseased specimens showed structural changes of tissues, congestion and haemorrhage in liver, gill, and kidney tissues. This study provides valuable information for further research for prevention and treatment of hemorrhagic disease on mudskipper.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of glucose supplementation into seawater to preserve juvenile blood cockles at small (SL: 9.73 ± 0.95 mm) and big size (SL: 15.85 ± 1.04 mm). Cockles were laid into the plastic baskets (12 ind./basket, 3 baskets/treatment) and sprayed with seawater 25‰ (SW) or SW adding glucose with different concentrations of 50, 75 and 100 mg/L during 5 days of preservation. Our findings showed that the highest survival rate was obtained in small cockles were sprayed with SW+100 mg/L glucose (91.6%) and big cockles with SW+50 mg/L glucose (36.1%). Percentage of weight losses during preservation was not significant difference among treatments within size class (p>0.05). After 21 days of cultured period, survival rate of small cockles (75.5-80.6 %) which spraying before with SW+ glucose at 50, 75 and 100 mg/L were significantly higher than those from normal SW (p

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature, salinity and the interaction of temperature and salinity on the growth and expression of growth hormone on tra catfish in order to assess and predict the effects of global climate change on tra catfish farming in Vietnam. Tra catfish juveniles were acclimated in suitable time were distributed randomly to 9 treatments include three temperature treatments (25, 30, 35°C) and three salinity treatments (0, 6, 12‰). The results showed that temperature, salinity and their interaction had significant effects on growth, growth rate and feed efficiency of fish. In particular, at 35°C-6‰ conditions, the fish had better growth and growth rate in comparison with control and other treatments (p0.05). Salinity, temperature and their interaction did not affect the expression levels of growth hormone in 56 days of the experiment (p>0.05). However, in the early stages exposed to changing conditions of temperature and salinity (day 0 and day 1)​​, IGF-1 levels of fish in all higher salinity and temperature were increased differed from normal conditions. After 4 days exposure, IGF-1 levels return to normal levels and the average ranged from 11.95±4.04 ng/mL at the end of the experiment.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of pesticide containing Cypermethrin on 45-day-old Penaeus monodon at different temperatures, as indicated through the value of LC50-96h and changes in histology of hepatopancreas. The values of LC50-96h at 22°C, 28°C, 32°C and 36°C were 0.564; 0.345; 0.278; 0.22µg/L, respectively. The histological results showed that hepatopancreas of the shrimp changed significantly as Cypermethrin concentration and temperature increased. The most serious change was at 36oC, but change severity decreased at 28oC and 22oC, and fewer changes were observed at 32oC. Compared with control samples, changes were characterized as follows: infiltration of haemocytes around hepatopancreatic tubules; reduction to absence of B, R, and F-cells; presence of pyknotic nuclei in the epithelial cells; retraction of hepatopancreatic tubules; sloughing cells into the hepatopancreatic tubule lumens; loss of structure of the hepatopancreatic tubules; replacing absence of hepatopancreatic tubules with the presence of haemocytes. Besides, the structure of the hepatopancreatic tubules observed in control groups at the temperatures of 22oC, 28oC, 32oC, and 36oC was normal with the presence of B, F, R-cells and the mitotic activity in E-cells.

In high schools, students learn the concept of the derivative from grade 11 and in grade 12, they continue to meet the concept in the topics such as: “Application of derivative to investigate a function”, “Anti derivative”, “Integration”. Consequently, the derivative is a key concept in high school mathematics. In textbooks, what weremathematical organizations relating to the derivative? In order to contribute to the answer to the above question, the article presents the mathematical organisations relating to derivative and reports experimental results obtained from High school Thot Not (Can Tho City) and High school Ca Van Thinh (Ben Tre province).

For several years, many researchers have analyzed the worsened degradation of education in Vietnam at many levels of training. The Pedagogy which belong to Higher Education, and are a place to train the teachers in the school, have a special role in this degradation. If improving the quality of training of teachers is successful, we will significantly contribute to improving the situation in secondary education. On the contrary, if the renewal fails, we will make the educational situation more severe. Yet training program in 2007 is only based on the maximum threshold of the number of credits (120 credits for now and 140 credits since the 40th promotion), not on the characteristics of the subjects of The Pedagogy. Therefore, the quality of teacher training is seriously affected, and have negative impact on the situation in secondary education. This article will analyze some negative aspects of the program applied at The School of Pedagogy (Can Tho University), and propose some radical measures to overcome.

The article mentions a tool of anthropological theory in mathematics didactic to analyze teaching practice of teachers. According to this view, we analyzed and evaluated the process of teaching mathematical organizations of the formula for calculating the distance from a point to a plane. The results showed that mathematics organizations were researched clearly through the specific exercises and the stages were sufficiently happened.

In 1980s and 1990s, technology training program in most of countries in the world contained contradictions between the two basic objectives of current technology education. Those are to train students to become experts in many fields of technology and to train students to become people who are good at personal skills. CDIO suggestions help to overcome these challenges through training students to become complete engineers. Tay Do University is the first private university in the Mekong River Delta by the Ministry of Education and Training to train the key sectors as required by the transformation of economic and social fields Assembly of the necessary requirement, including the Electrical industry, Electricity. However, due to the fact the survey shows the current element electrical engineers have no reasoning ability, the technical design of new, inexperienced experience, practical experience in high technical design to meet the requirements of society; there is no social conscience and trends creative. If there is a close cooperation between the school and companies in supplying qualified human source; and if the students recognize their importance in the age of knowledge and economy, CDIO training program development at Tay Do University will bring good results, it will supply good engineers and bachelors equipped good knowledge, skills and professional manners to meet the need of qualified human source of the society.

Observation and inference are two basic skills in scientific research and in human daily life. Especially, in Physics, a subject that relate much to experiment, these two skills are essential for knowledge constructing and problem solving. All teachers and students have certain understanding and skills of observation and inference. However, not many people have informed views and good skills in those subjects. Particularly, year 3 and 4 students in Physics Teacher Education program still have ample of misconceptions about observation and inference. Also, students with good skill of observation and inference are limited. In the new era, when knowledge is illimitable and people can accost it easily thanks to the information and communication technology, educating the necessary skills so that students can study and do research independently becomes more urgent. Among those, observation and inference skills are indispensable in almost all situations. This article will present some reality, ideas and experience to develop the capabilities and skills of observation and inference for students in teaching and learning Physics, from there, to enhance self-learning, self-study and research, and self-handling situations for high school students.

Mekong Delta (South West) is a land located in the southwest of Viet Nam, explored in the XVI and XVII centuries. With an area of 40.000 km2 and over 17 million inhabitants, it is considered the largest granary of the country and has a very important position in economic and social development. To get the vast and fertile plain, first mention is the contribution of Vietnamese migrants with frank and gritty characters from faraway central coast to find and live here. Through the ups and downs of history, generations of Vietnamese people has fallen in line with other residents to make the Mekong Delta have a vitality to survive and rise with the country. Within the scope of this article, the author would like to contribute something to discuss the role of Vietnamese migrants in the reclamation of land southwest in the XVII-XVIII centuries, to respect and honor the achievement that ancestors had to sweat bload and tears to get a Southwest development today.

Ecotourism is one of the forms of the fastest growing tourism by the great attention to environmental issues and sustainable development. The Mekong Delta in Vietnam has a lot of potentials for ecotourism development, especially in areas which have the natural ecosystems such as national parks, landscape protected areas and so on. In recent years, many visitors have been paying attention to ecotourism in the Mekong Delta. In this study, the author evaluated the satisfaction of travelers, analysed factors affecting satisfaction’s visitors in some places such as Tra Su landscape protected area, Tram Chim national park and Gao Giong ecotourism zone. So that there are some methods to develop ecotourism in Mekong Delta more appropriately.

The objective of this paper aimed to determine the factors affecting employment opportunity of women laborers of rural area in Tam Binh district, Vinh Long province. The study was approached by the method of participatory rural appraisal (PRA), the direct interviews of 120 women laborers were done through the structured questionnaires and Binary Logistic regression analysis were conducted in the study. The study results showed that employment of women laborers was affected by many factors. Therefore, their employment was unstable. Factors such as educational level, marital status of women laborers, rural vocation, employment information, linking between places of training and using of laborers affected the employment opportunity of women laborers. Thus, the women laborers of rural area should change their perception of employment with the timely assistance of vocational training and capital from the local government to stabilize their employment and to improve their income.

Narrative point of view is an element in the art of narrative, showing the narator’s observing position, aspects and cognitive ability to explore events, affairs and the characters. The writer’s artistic outlook on life and people is reflected most clearly through the narrative point of view. In order to have an in-depth insight into the life mirrored throughout the novels, we inevitably have to commence from identifying the narrative viewpoint. Ho Bieu Chanh created a diversity of narrative viewpoints in his works. While focusing on the role of the narrator, Ho Bieu Chanh also skillfully manipulated the point of view among various characters in his writings. This is a wise choice of Ho Bieu Chanh. The characteristics of the transitional period in the narrative manners contributed to the success of Ho Bieu Chanh’s novels.

Fruit farm tourism is one of the specific and rich potential tourism types in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. However, in the past period, there have not been researches about this type of tourism. To base on 160-tourist interview by questionnaires. The results indicated that, the fresh and cool atmosphere, the beautiful landscapes of fruit farm strongly attract tourists. Mouth to mouth is one of the most vital marketing forms of fruit farm. The landscape observation and local specialites enjoy done by tourists. Fruit farm is a type of quite attractive tourism and tourists felt rather satisfied with the trips to fruit farm tourist sites. Five factors influence the development of fruit farm tourism, comprising “tourism labor forces and services”, “the price of tourism services”, “tourism infrastructure and technical facilities”, “security and safety of tourism”, “accommodation”.

The works of Vietnamese envoys during their trips to China are very unique and valuable for many aspects of studies. Outside of Vietnam, after Vãng Tân nhật ký was published, especially after Yuenan Hanwen Yanxing wenxian jicheng came out, there are more and more researches on Vietnamese envoys’ works. In this paper, we try to survey all related researches of foreign scholars and classify those for future researches. The findings shows that, there are about fifty researches up to now which mainly focus on the culture exchange and the relationship between Vietnam and China, the image of China in Vietnamese envoys’ eyes, using Vietnamese envoy’s works for China area studies…Compared with the amount of authors, works already published, as well as the value of those books, we cannot be satisfied with the above number of researches. Hence with this paper, we want to figure out the review of researches on Vietnamese envoys’ works outside of Vietnam, and hope that there will be more and more researches on this topic in the near future.

Victory in Dam Doi - Cai Nuoc - Cha La (1963) and Victory Binh Gia (1964) have important historical position of the Vietnam War, particularly during the period of the US Army and the Government of Vietnam Republic conduct special war strategy to destroy the South revolutionary measures by establishing strategic hamlet. With victory in Dam Doi - Cai Nuoc - Cha La (1963) and Victory Binh Gia (1964), we broke the strategic hamlets throughout South Vietnam, defeated and contribute to the strategic bankruptcy War special painting of US troops in South Vietnam forces them to change strategies towards enhancing military intervention strategy and move to the Local war.

Labor and employment are considered basic social policy to social stability and economic development in many countries around the world. Requirements for sustainable development towards industrialization, modernization and knowledge economy, this is challenges that Vietnam in general and in particular Cantho city are facing laborforce, which is failing to meet the requirements of low education levels, lack of qualifications and working skills. Study used research methods such as Farmer group discussions, Expert interviews with sample size of 480 rural labors at Vinh Thanh, Thoi Lai, Co Do and Phong Dien districts. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods, factor analysis, logistic regression and multiple regression models to determine the factors affecting the ability of people to find jobs of rural labors in Can Tho City. Results showed that the major findings include factors affecting the ability to find a job, including appropriate working environment (salary and about commitment), the ability to meet the employee's job (the education, professional qualifications/skills,...), job opportunities (reflected in the competitive job search).

Customer satisfaction is the key factor which the decides the stability and increasing for business results. The study was conducted with 138 consumers in the city of Can Tho has been shopping at Big C supermarket in Can Tho, the sample is selected by the quota method. Data analysis methods used in the study is Exploring Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) anh Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results of customer research about shopping in the supermarket case study in Can Tho Big C shows the feeling price impact of 0,62 perceive the model, the main factor determining the quality services and the satisfaction of consumers. These results contribute to the formulation of business strategy, marketing strategy, competitive strategy for the business unit retail services and contributing factors confirmed the measurement model of service quality and customer satisfaction.

Building effective competency models and competency framework design for human resource development and management has been undertaken in many fields worldwide. This paper refers to concepts, competency models and synthesizes theories on competency framework to build up a common competency framework for cadres and civil servants of Departments and Sectors in Can Tho city, as well as determining the weight of core competencies at every designed job positions. The study generated a general competency framewok based on four key Departments and Sectors in Can Tho city (Internal Affairs, Culture-Society, Economy-Budget, and Science and Technology). In the framework, three are 3 job positions including leaders, head/vice head-departments and civil servants. At each position, required core competencies were various and impacted by many different factors that have specific weights. For leaders’ position, the most core competency was organizing and leading (weighted 0.456), for head/vice head departments’ position it was skills (weighted 0.483) and for civil servants’ position it was knowledge (weighted 0.468). Besides, core competencies have different weights depending on specific fields and sectors. Competency framework in this study is helpful reference that could be properly applied in civil servants’ competency evaluation and planning, educating, training and developing human resource for Can Tho city.

In the context of international integration, enterprises from the private sector in Vietnam in general and in Can Tho in particular were facing strict competition. This research was conducted to propose measures for improving competitiveness of private enterprises in Can Tho City. Data of the research were collected by surveying 456 private enterprises in Can Tho City. Factor analysis and multivariate regression analysis were used in this study. The research results identified internal factors affecting the competitiveness of private enterprises in Can Tho including building relationships, marketing capacity, human resources and management capacity, fianacial capacity, research and development of products. Then, a number of measures related to building relationships, improving marketing capacity, human resources and management capacity of the head of the enterprises, financial capacity, research and development of products and building brand was proposed to contribute for the improvement of the competitive capacity of  these private firms.

This research aimed to identify the factors affected the e-commerce application in the Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) in Can Tho City. The sample size of 215 respondent was collected from the SMEs in Ninh Kieu, Binh Thuy, and Cai Rang districts, Can Tho City by random sampling method. There are some methods using in this paper such as: Descriptive statistics, Binary Logistic and Discriminant analysis. The results showed that the internal environment (organization and awareness of owner) and external environment (government and market) affect the application of e-commerce business. In which support from government is the most important factor. The government should set up well legal and policy environment in order to attract high tech and encourage enterprise for e-commerce application. It also supports public services well for e-commerce activities.

Research activities and factors influencing the research productivity have been an increasing attention to both researchers and managers in academic organizations. This paper uses the data from the survey of 93 female lecturers at schools/colleges of Can Tho University to find out empirical evidences for explaining about the proposed hypotheses in a recently published work of the own author that concerns the gap of research productivity to this university. The result indicates that the research productivity are positively associated with few of factors such as the proffesional level of own lecturers and their colleages at the department, and research collaboration as well. Some others, however, are likely to have negative effects on the research productivity, including family ties (i.e. child-care), institutional-related issues, personal skills and preferences of lectures.

Data from a direct survey with 205 farm households in the Mekong Delta using two snakehead murrel culture model which have been analyzed using model linear regression analysis showed that factors affecting the average profit (VND/m3/crop) of snakehead murrel farm based households include stocking density, number of crops, wholesale price, snakehead murrel cultured area, feed coefficient, feed price, preventive veterinary medicine price, and snakehead murrel culture model. The research results have showed that the average profit of snakehead murrel farm based household was 846,7 thousand VND/m3/crop. The profit have been higher in culture in nets than in ponds (1.384,1 thousand VND/m3/crop and 409,2 thousand VND/m3/crop, respectively). In order to obtain 1,52 VND of profit in average, about 1 VND of spending has been used. The study has proposed some recommendations for the development of snakehead murrel culture industry in the Mekong Delta.

This article aims to analyze the determinants of the economic efficiency in rice production by 815 farming households randomly selected in Can Tho City. The estimates show that the efficiency is strongly affected by intrinsic factors such as farm size, input-purchasing method, output-selling method, number of household’s labours, types of rice cropping and household’s savings, in addition to such external factors as output-selling services by outsiders, location, etc. Given the results, this article proposes solutions to improve the economic efficiency so as to raise income of rice-producing households in Can Tho City.

This study focused on analyzing, comparing the financial efficiency of farmers participating in the model of large rice field to the others in An Giang province. Mean test of two independent samples, descriptive statistic, and frequency analysis were used in the study. 338 households in Cho Moi, Chau Thanh, Chau Phu, Tinh Bien districts were interviewed directly. Results showed that the farmers who taking in the model of large rice field get more financial efficiency than the other.

Organization and development of agricultural cooperatives, especially rice production, is very important to help small farmers have the opportunity to develop production and market their products. So study the role and organizational effectiveness of cooperation in agriculture is very important and necessary. Agricultural cooperative Tien Dat - Bac Lieu was selected for study in 2013. To compare organization and production effectiveness,  60 households including 30 households in the cooperative and 30 households outside were selected to investigate. Research results indicate that farmers participating in the cooperative  had many opportunities to improve production techniques and link their products to markets. Therefore, their profits increased compared to individual farmers outside the cooperative. Additionally, capabilities of the cooperative management board are also important to help members explore the farm resources and potentials. However, the extent and performance of the cooperative is limited. Therefore, building capacity of the management board and diversifying production and business of the cooperative need further research in order to propose appropriate policies to develop more effective argicultural cooperative organizations in the future.

Data Envelopment Analysis - DEA was used in this study to evaluate the technical efficiency, cost efficiency, resource allocative efficiency and the scale efficiency of pineapples growing households in Tan Phuoc district, Tien Giang province. Research data were collected from 226 pineapples growing households in Tan Phuoc district, Tien Giang province. Data Envelopment Analysis and Independent samples T-test were used to compare the productive efficiency between the poor households and the non-poor households. The research results indicated that the pineapples growing households in Tan Phuoc district, Tien Giang province had a relative high level of the technical efficiency, average level of cost efficiency and resource allocative efficiency. The scale efficiency of pineapples growing households was pretty high. The results also showed that there was a discrepancy of the productive efficiency between the poor households and non-poor households. The technical efficiency, cost efficiency, and resource allocative efficiency levels of the poor households were lower than those of the non-poor households.

Evaluating current status and training demands of cadres, civil servants (CCSs) to develop training contents and program increasing the Can Tho human resource quality is very essential. This paper presents advantages, problems and challenges in training activity and determines training demands (including contents and organisation forms) of CCSs (staff, heads/vice-heads of department, services’ leaders at provincial and district levels). The study shows that more than 70% of CCSs were trained within 5 recent years. However, training activity faces many challenges such as trainee’s nomination, training contents, time, duration and organisation were unsuitable. Knowledge on politics and administration rather than professional skills was focused. All interviewed CCSs have training needs. Professional skills, technologies application, and soft skills are preferable. CCSs at different positions require various contents, skills and training approaches. Short training is proposed to staff and heads/vice heads while self-improvement is applied to leaders. There are variations on recommending training demands among three CCSs’ positions to the same CCS (e.g. staff, heads/vice-heads, leaders). Therefore, job description should be applied to every position to make consistent understanding on training demands to improve CCSs’ competency meeting job requirements at specific CCSs’ positions. This study results are fundamental to develop frame program, contents and training methods to enhance Can Tho city human resource quality.

Currently, the income of agricultural households in Viet Nam in general, and in Can Tho in particular, remains low leading to inadequate accumulation for reinvestment. In addition, investments in agriculture from the limited budget are even less because of shares for other areas of the economy, low foreign direct investment due to unattractive agriculture. Main capital sources, formal or informal, which are quite small and with high interests, could not be used for production. Thus, loans from credit institutions played a role of paramount importance to farm production. Husbandry households’ access to official credits seems to be the premise for economic development. This article provides insights about the factors that affect access to official credits for pig production in O Mon district, Can Tho city. Using data from a survey of 223 households and Probit models, the findings indicate that the properties of the household owner (including gender, education level, age) and the properties of households (such as income, social status) affect the accessibility to official credits.

The quality of human resources plays an important role in implementing the national target program titled new rural construction. However, the management capacity of officials at community level is limited. This has affected the effective use of resources. That was reason why the research interviewed directly 131 community officials in 4 communes with structured questionnaire to determine factors affecting managment capacity of community officials in the new rural construction process in Can Tho city to find solutions to improve the management capacity of community officials. Cronbach's Alpha test, factor analysis and multiple regression analysis were applied. The research results showed that the factors affecting management capacity of community officials vary from this commune to another. Based on the SWOT analysis, various solutions to enhance management capacity of community officials were also proposed as foundations of proper policies helping successful implementation of the new rural construction national program.

Tien Giang is a leading province of dragon production in the Mekong Delta. Cho Gao district has the largest area of dragon in Tien Giang. Cho Gao is high competitive advantage in natural conditions and quality of dragon fruit compared to other regions within the province. However, there are many limitations regarding lack of market information, unstable and low price in season, depending much on Chinese market; small scale production, weak cooperation and limited GAP cultivation, not response to market demands in quantity and quality, more diseases by climate change, lack of processing logistics for producing value-added products. The study applied the value chain approach of Kaplinsky & Morris (2001), the ValueLinks method of GTZ (2007), a set of tools for value chain analysis of Vo Thi Thanh Loc and Nguyen Phu Son (2013) and participation of chain actors. The research objectives are (1) Assessment of production and distribution situations of dragon in Cho Gao district, Tien Giang province, (2) Analysis of dragon value chain, and (3) Suggestion of strategic solutions for upgrading dragon value chain that aims to increase added value of the product in other to help facilitators at all levels develop further policies and better measures for sustainable development of the dragon value chain.

This paper is aimed to measure the household and community adaptive capacity indices to salinity to agricultural production activities at coastal areas of Duyen Hai, Cau Ngang and Tra Cu of Tra Vinh province. Using data from a survey on 1,814 randomly sampled rice, cashcrop and aquaculture farmers, adaptive capacity indices composed from five equally weighted elements of social, economic, physical, natural and institutional factors were computed in the study. Results showed that household adaptive capacity to salinity was at medium level. Household adaptive capacity at Cau Ngang and Tra Cu districts was higher than that at Duyen Hai district. This was because that socio-economic factors had more influence than natural factors do. For community level, social factors, physical factors and institutional factors had negative impacts on their adaptive capacity. Regression analysis also revealed that scale of production, head of household’s gender and education level were statistically significant factors affecting the household adaptive capacity.