During the past time, breeding process in Can Tho in particular, in Mekong Delta in general gave much risk for breeders such as the changing of price, unstable market (especially in export).  The study aimed to 4 main points: (1) evaluating pork breeding situation, processing, consumpting and exporting pork products; (2) analysing breeding situation, processing, consumpting and exporting pork products in order to give scientific facts; (3) defining the drawbacks that should be solved for  processing, consumpting and exporting pork product; (4) recommending some sulutions for developing of pork breeding, processing, consumpting and exporting in the local areas.

For over the last decade, several businesses companies, corporations, factories and governmental organizations have accelerated to obtain the so-called ISO, a prerequisite criterion for them to be accredited and become excellent organizations/corporations/factories? How are Vietnamese universities? What criteria are more suitable for the university?s development, ISO or EFQM? The following article will analyze and compare the differences of the two models & figure out its  strong points and evaluation methods of EFQM model.            

A collection of 292 upland rice accessions from the Central of Viet Nam were evaluated of adaptive characteristics to drought by examining the morphological traits and DNA analysis.  All upland rice accessions were screened for drought tolerance at seedling stage and were grouped by using 1986 IRRI?s standard.  A regression function between soil moisture stress and wilt degree is also studied.  Fourty six accessions were taken randomly from these groups and were analysed DNA with eighty primers by Random Amlified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR). Results indicate that the collection were classified as very tolerant (12.32 %), moderately tolerant (39.04 %), moderately susceptible (32.19 %) and susceptible (16.43 %) in drought tolerant ability.  Thai Hong, KeKo, Ba Phok accessions showed the best drought tolerant ability.  Seven primers OPC06, OPE01, OPL19, OPJ01, OPA09, RTG02 and RTG03 yielded good amplified products.  Of which, the primer RTG03 and OPE01 showed more polymorphism than others and can be used to distingguish the test accessions.

The study focuses on snakehead culture in Tam Nong district, Dong Thap province, where snakehead culture is very developped, especially snakehead ?moi tre?.  Farmers have good experiences in snakehead culture processes: hatchling production, juvenile and adult  culture.Tam Nong district has abondant foods which play a decisive role in  snakeheads culture, especially in years with heavy inundation.  But when there are not indundation, the fish food resources become rare, snakehead culture meets difficulties, farmers don?t have any interest.  So the supply of home made foods is then very necessary for the culture. We have done experiments on snakehead feed by trash fish or home made  foods in Cantho  province.  The experiments show that snakehead feed by home made food had the same survival and growth rates as the one feed by natural foods. We suggest the use of home made foods to develop snakehead culture in reducing trash fish dependence.

Mangrove swamps are key ecosystems along theVietnamcoast.        Although mangrove litter is thought to represent an important input of organic matter and nutrients to the coastal aquatic systems, the factors determining the quality and size of this litter flux have not been studied so far.  We monitored leaf, stipule, twig, and reproductive litter monthly in monocultures of Rhizophora apiculata mangrove forests of 7, 11, 17 and 24 years old in the Camau province, Mekong Delta, Vietnam.  Litter traps were used to measure litter fall production from June 2001 till May 2002.  Total litter fall was in the range of 8.86?14.16 tDW.ha-1.yr-1.  Leaves were the main component, and represented 70% of litter fall production in all stands.  Total litter fall was lower in the older stands but reproductive litter was higher in these stands (17 and 24 years).  Biomass of leaf litter was highest between the end of the wet season and the beginning of the dry season.  Phosphorus and nitrogen levels were higher in younger than in older stands.  Overall, our study indicates that young stands produce the highest input of litter, nitrogen and phosphorus to the surrounding aquatic system.  Consequently, these stands may give the largest boost to fisheries.

16 litters of piglets at 7 days were randomly assigned into four treatments including two levels of Cu (100 (treatment 1) and 150 ppm (treatment 2) from CuSO4) and Zn (300 (treatment 3) and 500 ppm(treatment 4) from ZnSO4) in a factorial design.  Diets were given to the piglets were divided into two periods: at 7 to 24 days and 24-60 days of age.  Live weight gains, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and diarrhea frequency was measured.  No interaction between zinc and copper was observed herein.  As compared to Cu and Zn, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were improved for Cu supplementation, but only Cu 100 ppm on 24-60 days differed significantly (0.02).  A tendency towards higher in treatment of Cu 100 and Zn 500 ppm.  Diarrhea frequency was reduced in period one as compared to period two.  The results shown in this present study revealed that Zn and Cu supplementation seems advantageous to piglets

The draft of the Civil procedure Code submitted to the National Assembly 5th in May 2004 adds a new provision for recognition and enforcement of foreign civil judgements, decisions.  That is the application of the principle of reciprocity in cases whereVietnamand the countries of the courts whose judgements are required to be recognised and enforced inVietnamare not members of any convention on recognition and enforcement of judgements or whereVietnamdomestic laws do not provide possibilities for recognition of foreign judgements.  The purpose of this amendment is to fill the hole of the current laws.  The article analyses the natural of a foreign judgement and the meaning of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements, re-examine the reciprocity principle and analyse the current laws and practical problems of this issue inVietnam.  The conclusion is that it is not the principle of reciprocity but the conditions for recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements that should be reviewed.

To solve this difficult problem, the author believes that we need to use economical benefit instrument.  It mean that we have to do somthing so that everyone can get benefit from the economical integration. In this relationship, entrepreneurs must be candacter who bring up and hamoniously solve the benefit problem to combine ?four factors? together.

MTL149 has the original name: IR56381-139-2-2 which was tested preliminary observation in dry season of year 1991, replicated yield trial in wet season of year 1995 and region trial in dry season of year 1996.  Then, it had selected for rice production in large scale in wet season of year 1996 và and dry season of year 1997.  With good characteristics such as: short duration, strong tillering capacity, strong stem, high percentage of filled grains, and suitability for soils affected by acid sulfate or salinity, MTL149 had selected for rice production as one major rice variety in Kiengiang province.  With seeding condition, duration of MTL149 has lasted 90-95 days and yield of which was about 6.6 ton/ha in reagion trial experiment.  The height plant of MTL149 varied from 85 to 100 cm and the number of panicle of which varied from 342 to 370 panicles/m2.  MTL149 had number of filled grains from 45 to 83 grains/panicle with 78 percentage of filled grain/panicle and 1000 grain weight of which was from 25.5 to 27.0 gam.  Cereals Varieties Evaluation Committee of Agriculture and Rural Development Ministry inHo Chi Minh City certificated MTL149 as regional rice variety in April, 2004. 

Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of soybean (Glycine max L.) and hybrid-corn (Zea mays) cultivated on the alluvial soil of Tan Hiep district, Kien Giang province in the Summer-Autumn 2002.  The results showed that the corn-yield (cv.  DK888) of phosphate biofertilizer treatment was higher than corn yield applying with 60 kg P2O5/ha but yield of soybean seed (cv.  MTĐ-176) did not differ soybean yield applying with this phosphate concentration.  However, application of phosphate biofertilizer improved quality of soybean seed and available phosphate content in the soil after harvesting.

Three pure rice lines (one line D3 selected from glutinous rice NepBe, one mutated line A2 selected from Tep Hanh mutant, and one aromatic line C1 selected from VD20-an aromatic rice variety) were used as parents of three different crosses in order to detect out the inheritance of grain lenght of rice (Oryza sativa L.).  Results showed that the inheritance of this trait was complex due to the effect of specific combining ability  and cytoplasm.  The inheritance was followed the Mendellian rule, one single dominant gene controlled  the average length of rice grain while the recessive gene controlled the long grain of rice. 

A study was conducted to evaluate the reserve extent, composition nutritive value of sugar cane leaves and top.  Sugar cane leaves were ensiled with molasses (3%, LM3), urea (4%, LM4) and 4% urea plus 3% molasses (LMU43).  Sugar cane top was treated with molasses (3%, NM3), urea (4%, NU4) and non-additive, both materials were done in triplicates.  The pH, dry matter (DM), crude prtoein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and in sacco dry matter degradation were determined at 0, 7, 7, 14, 30, 45, 60 days after ensiling. All treatments could be well stored after 60 ensiling days.  Protein content was of ensiled cane top increased while NDF and ADF was reduced and in sacco dry matter degradation was improved as compared to the fresh top at 48 and 72h, however those did not changed in sugar cane leaves.  Ensiling methods of sugar can top can be applied to store and improve nutritive value of sugar cane top as feed for cattle.

For many outstanding corporations and universities in the world, the strength of its trade marks/prestige has become a vital factor for its sustainable business growth.  The trademarks of the world leading corporations such as Sony, Microsoft, Coca Cola etc, and those of accredited universities, namely, Harvard,Cambridge,Tokyo? have been widely acknowledged by students and parents? students all over the world.  How is Vietnamese universities? brand name? How does it work in a highly competitive environment nowadays? The following article will provide the current situation of Vietnamese universities' brands and point out causes leading to drawbacks as well as solutions for setting up Vietnamese university brands.                        

A study was conducted to measure the effect of crude protein and energy on performance of 16 litters of piglets at 7 to 60 days.  The experiment was allocated according to a complete block design with two factors, protein and energy and four replicates consisted of four treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4. Study was divided into 2 periods: From 7-24 days, piglets were fed two levels of protein (24% and 22%) and ME (14.3 and 13.3 MJ/kg).  The second period started from 26-60 days, animals were received diets containing 20 and 22% of CP and 14.3 and 13.3 MJ/kg. Crude protein and energy levels did not effect on performance and feed intake of piglet during the first period.  In the second period, protein levels did not affect performance of animals.  However, the highest live weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of piglets were found at high level of ME (14.3) as compared to the low level (13.3 MJ/ kg).  Economic return was highest in treatment II.  I, III and the lowest was treatment IV.

The effect of four kinds of calcium fertilizer CaO, CaCO3, CaSO4 and Ca(NO3)2 and 4 levels of calcium 0, 10, 20 and 40 kg Ca/ha on grain yield of grounnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) ? the local variety ?dau Vo or dau Tau? ? was evaluated in Long Son village, Cau Ngang district, Tra Vinh province in the seasons of Winter-Spring (2002). The objectives of the experiment were finding the appropriate kind and level of calcium to effect the grain yield on the sandy soils. The result shows that grain yield increases significantly when calcium was applied.  To compare with control treatment (without Ca application) amount range of calcium fertilizer from 20 to 40 kg Ca/ha gave the best result.  Among four kinds of calcium fertilizer, CaSO4 showed much better than CaO, CaCO3 and Ca(NO3)2. Ca(NO3)2 was good when applied 10 kg calcium/ha, if increasing calcium rate higher than 40 kg/ha the grain yield will decrease.

Mangrove litter represents a major source of nutrients and organic matter to coastal aquatic systems.  However, the dynamics of release of these substances from decomposing leaves has been studied little at all.  Here we analyzed the release of organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus from decomposing Rhizophora apiculata leaves in the field and under laboratory conditions.  Both in the field and the laboratory the decomposition rate reached a maximum after 30 days of incubation.  The decomposition rate and the release of organic matter were higher at low salinity (5 ppt) than in freshwater (0 ppt) or at high salinities (15, 25 and 35 ppt).  There was no significant difference between the dry and wet season with respect to the release of organic matter, phosphorus or nitrogen in the field, although phosphorus and nitrogen releases tended to be higher in the wet season.  The decomposition rate was always high when the leaves were completely submersed in the ditches of the mangrove-shrimp systems than when placed on land between the periodically flooded mangrove roots.  Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the decomposing mangrove leaves reached a maximum after six months, suggesting an increase in food quality over the first half year. 

Researchers usually face challenges in their work, especially researchers who conduct their work in social science fields.  One of the challenges faced is research methods.  As a result, many students and staff are not interested in conducting research.  This writing will contribute experiences and methods for scientific research of students inFrance. Researchers usually face challenges in their work, especially researchers who conduct their work in social science fields.  One of the challenges faced is research methods.  As a result, many students and staff are not interested in conducting research.  This writing will contribute experiences and methods for scientific research of students inFrance.

Autonomy and decentralization on higher education are the two issues widely mentioned in diverse means of media and educational conferences/seminars.  The international forum on higher education organized by the Vietnamese National Education Council and the Ministry of Education & Training on June 22nd -23rd 2004 in Hanoi also mentioned these two issues.  Is the ?shirt? (educational mechanism) that the university is ?wearing? getting tight? Should there be a ?new shirt? for the university? How could autonomy and decentralization be interpreted? The following article provides some thoughts & analyses about those matters, and points out some solutions for better implementation.     

A study was conducted in theMekongDelta from 2000 to 2002 in order to (1) investigate farmers? water management practices in rice-fish farming and (2) determine appropriate water levels for rice-fish farming, in terms of rice and fish yields and economic efficiency.  The study consisted of an analysis of data obtained from farm surveys followed by on-station experimentation in a controlled environment.  During the farm surveys data were collected from sixty four farmers practicing integrated rice-fish farming in four districts, which were considered representative for the freshwater rice-fish farming areas in theMekongDelta.  Based on the analysis of data obtained during these surveys, an on-station experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four treatments (four different water levels: 5, 12, 19 and 26 cm) and two replications.  The experiment was conducted in both dry and wet season.  Water levels strongly influenced rice and fish yields, and profitability of rice-fish farming.  Data analysis showed that water levels above 15 cm significantly decreased rice yields in the wet season crop as well as total wet season/dry season rice output, compared to lower water levels.  Fish yields under water levels below 10 cm were significantly lower than yields under higher water levels.  A partial cost-benefit analysis showed that water levels between 10-15 cm were most appropriate.  Water levels of 10-15 cm lead to higher gains (2.85 million VND/ha/year more than water levels below 10 cm and 0.78 million VND/ha/year more than water levels above 15 cm). In the experiment, increased water levels in rice fields (above 12 cm) had an influence on some water parameters, presence of weeds, rice and fish yields.  Increased water levels caused some change in day ? night variation of water temperature.  Increased water levels led to lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll-a and these trends depended on vegetative or reproductive stages of the rice plant.  Increased water levels reduced influence water pH in the field but caused a decrease of turbidity in the trench.  Increased water levels reduced total weed biomass.  Furthermore, increased water levels significantly increased rice plant height, panicle weight, number of filled grains per panicle and total biomass.  Increased water levels however reduced the number of panicles, harvest index of rice and hence rice yields.  Fish yields, on the contrary, increased under water levels above 12 cm (263 kg/ha/crop, as compared with 209 kg/ha/crop under water levels of 5 cm).  Following conclusions and recommendations can be drawn from the on-farm as well as experimental findings: Water levels in rice-fish fields should be kept between 11 and 15 cm in the wet season and between 11 and 19 cm in the dry season.  The surrounding dikes should be firm enough to avoid water leakages and escaping of fish to adjacent fields.  Rice fields should be well leveled in order to optimize water management, which significantly reduces weed occurrence and costs for transplanting and irrigation.

The experiment on giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) culture was carried-out in Long An village, Long Ho District and Long Phu village, Tam Binh District,VinhLongProvincefrom May to November, 2003.  Two different stocking densities of 8 (treatment 1) and 12 juvenile/m2 (treatment 2) were randomly designed in six ponds of 1000 - 1200 m2 /each.  The initial size of  prawns were 0.46 - 0.71 g, 3.12 - 3.43 cm.  Prawns were fed by 50 % pellet feed (32 ? 36 % of protein) and 50 % freshwater trash fish.  Feeding rate and feeding frequency were 3 ? 7 % /total body weight /day and two times per day, respectively.  The results showed that the water quality in cultured system such as water temperature, water pH, transparency, oxygen, N-NH4+, N-NO2- and H2S were acceptable values for the freshwater prawn growing and developing.  The survival rate of freshwater prawn in earthen ponds obtained in treatment 1 (39.8 ±  2.2 %) was not significantly higher (P > 0.05) than those in treatment 2 (34.9 ± 2.2 %) after 180 days.  The growth rate of prawn obtained in treatment 1 (0.22 g /day) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that in treatment 2 (0.18 g/day).  The highest yield of freshwater prawn trial in earthen ponds was 1,130 kg/ha.  Freshwater prawn culture at 8 juvenile/m2 in earthen ponds could be utilized for improving farmer?s income in theMekongDelta.

Improving nutritive quality of rice is very important for developing countries.  Glutelin is one major component of protein content in rice grain because it contains 80% of storage protein total (Juliano 1972).  In 2002 the six crosses were initially carried out to get at least 15 F1 grains, then propagated to get F2 grains for SDS-PAGE protein electrophoresis.  200 F2 grains per cross were analyzed.  Results showed that the inheritances of proglutelin and basic glutelin B2 were controlled by a single dominant gene while acidic glutelin A1 was controlled by two independent genes located in two chromosomes.  Acidic glutelin A1 was followed by the genetic rule of dominant epistasis (13:3).

A study was conducted to measure the effect of crude protein and energy on performance of 16 litters of piglets at 7 to 60 days.  The experiment was allocated according to a complete block design with two factors, protein and energy and four replicates consisted of four treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4. Study was divided into 2 periods: From 7-24 days, piglets were fed two levels of protein (24% and 22%) and ME (14.3 and 13.3 MJ/kg).  The second period started from 26-60 days, animals were received diets containing 20 and 22% of CP and 14.3 and 13.3 MJ/kg. Crude protein and energy levels did not effect on performance and feed intake of piglet during the first period.  In the second period, protein levels did not affect performance of animals.  However, the highest live weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of piglets were found at high level of ME (14.3) as compared to the low level (13.3 MJ/ kg).  Economic return was highest in treatment II.  I, III and the lowest was treatment IV.

Chinais one of the largest recipients of foreign investment capital in recent years.  Particularly in the year 2003,Chinais the largest recipient of foreign investment capital in the world with total capital of US$ 52 billion.  Foreign investment capital plays an important role in the development of Chinese national economy and helps to adjust the domestic economic structure towards regional and international integration.  However, through activities of investment, production, business, certain multinational enterprises have avoided or reduced obligations of paying corporate income tax in China through transfer pricing policies (non- arm?s length prices).  The consequence is that the Chinese Government loses tax revenue.  To regulate and manage transfer pricing policies of multinational enterprises,Chinahas enacted and enforced transfer pricing laws.  Transfer pricing policies of multinational enterprises and transfer pricing laws are very new matters, along with the increase of foreign investment capital and the opening process inVietnam.  However,Vietnamlacks of sufficient regulations and experiences on these matters.  Since China has similar polity, economy, and culture with Vietnam and has handled this matter successfully, it is useful to find out how Chinese tax authority control and administer transfer pricing policies of multinational enterprises arising from foreign investment.  This article examines systematically Chinese transfer pricing laws.  Firstly, the article will introduce an overview of the development of Chinese transfer pricing laws.  It will then discusses and analyses the arm?s length price, the scope of application of transfer pricing laws, the methods of establishing arm?s length price, documentation requirements, penalties and conclusive remarks. 

This article analyses the spatial price differences in the rice market of the Mekong Delta to assess the impact of the liberalisation policies on its functioning.  The results of these policies carried out during the last two decades are impressive.  The rice market system in the Delta is competitive.  Price patterns strongly cohere and are integrated with the regulated export prices.  However, price patterns in other regions and in particular in the North, are only weakly integrated with price patterns in the South.  Private traders in the South satisfy local demand and deal with State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) involved in exports and transactions with the North.  In the framework of the national food security policy, the state owned food companies subsidise transactions between the South and the North.  Therefore, no profitable long distance trade can be established.  Moreover, the state owned food companies acquire nearly all licences to export (quota).  We conclude that, despite all the dramatic changes, the liberalisation process still faces major challenges.

This research develops a multipurpose microcontroller system (MPC) to help technicians and students in study and design control systems.  Based on an 8951 microcontroller, the MPC is built to satisfy almost basic needs of control.  Using the MPC, technicians and students can develop control applications easily and quickly.  Based on an efficient algorithm, the MPC has ability to run program by steps or by blocks, thing that can not be done by 8951.  This is very important in designing control systems because users can stop application programs at any points to look for errors not only in software but also in hardware.  With such abilities, MPC is very helpful for everyone in studying microcontroller technique and designing control systems. 

Based on phenotypes characteristics, citrus cultivars were divided into 5 groups, pomelo, lemon, orange, tangerine and kim quat. Four arbitrary primers used in RAPD technique gave good results in all of the citrus cultivars tested.  The phylogenetic tree showed that citrus cultivars of Go Quao, Kien Giang were divided into 4 groups, pomelo, orange-tangerine, lemon and kim quat.  The genetical distance of these cultivars varied from 0 to 43%.  Among 49 markers used, 11 markers were present in all cultivars.  26 markers were present in more than 90% of the cultivars.  4 markers were present in more than 80% of the cultivars.  2 markers were present in more than 70% and 6 markers were  present in less than 70% of the cultivars.  1 marker was only present at the frequency of less than 45% of the cultivars. The results of the detection of greening pathogen showed that the ratio of this disease in tangerine, orange, pomelo and lemon were at the rate of 50%, 25,4%, 9,6% and 1,14%, respectively.  Especially, no greening pathogen was found in kim quat cultivar.

To determine the change of properties of Cat Hoa Loc mango grafted on different kinds of root-stock, a pot experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station ofCanthoUniversity.  Seedlings of 8 popular mango varieties in theMekongDelta were used as root-stock: Buoi, Cat Hoa Loc, CatChu, Chau Hang Vo,Hon,NamDok Mai, Thanh Ca and Thom.           After 3 years of data collection, the results show that root-stock of CatChu, Thom and Chau Hang Vo mango enhance the growth of Cat Hoa Loc scion, while Thanh Ca inhibits.  Root-stock affect also the flowering ratio of Cat Hoa Loc scion,NamDok Mai gave the highest ratio.  However, root-stock does not affect the fruit quality of Cat Hoa Loc scion.

16 litters of piglets at 7 days were randomly assigned into four treatments including two levels of Cu (100 (treatment 1) and 150 ppm (treatment 2) from CuSO4) and Zn (300 (treatment 3) and 500 ppm(treatment 4) from ZnSO4) in a factorial design.  Diets were given to the piglets were divided into two periods: at 7 to 24 days and 24-60 days of age.  Live weight gains, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and diarrhea frequency was measured.  No interaction between zinc and copper was observed herein.  As compared to Cu and Zn, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were improved for Cu supplementation, but only Cu 100 ppm on 24-60 days differed significantly (0.02).  A tendency towards higher in treatment of Cu 100 and Zn 500 ppm.  Diarrhea frequency was reduced in period one as compared to period two.  The results shown in this present study revealed that Zn and Cu supplementation seems advantageous to piglets

ABSTRACTThe main objective of the study was to estimate the supply response of rice in Viet Nam. The dynamic adaptive adjustment and rational expectation models were used to select an appropriate supply response model for rice under different price expectation hypotheses. A marketed supply surplus model was then derived from the estimated parameters of these supply response models. Results showed that rice farmers were rational in forming the price expectation behavior, making supply decisions based on information available in the past. The rational expectation supply response model with the cobweb price expectation formation may be considered an appropriate econometric model among the supply response models tested. Results indicated that output supply and marketed surplus were positively responsive to price expectation. As to government programs, policy variables had positive effects on rice production. The institutional factor of household responsibility system had no contribution to rice production improvement as expectation. As a result, other factors involving technological progress and market regulations should be regarded potential tools to sustain rice production. The price expectation played an important role in making decision of rice farmers. An appropriate price policy becomes an alternative way to enhance rice production in the country.Title: Substainability of rice production in Viet nam