Total of 100 individual Striped catfish farmers (non-integration, Non-In), 85 cooperative Striped catfish farmers (horizontal integration, H-In) and 85 integrated Striped catfish farmers with processing plants and/or aquaculture feed business (vertical integration, V-In) were randomly interviewed in the Mekong Delta from Oct 2010 to Apr 2011. Non-In type has developed since 1990, and H-In and V-In types have developed since 2004. There are some similar characteristics of the three Striped catfish farming systems including pond area (0.5 ha/pond), pond water depth (4.0 m), culture duration (7 months), FCR (1.6), survival rate (75.7%), harvest size (0.94 kg/fish), highest feed cost, cost price (VND 15,758/kg of fish), B/C (3.7%). However, there are some different points in these Striped catfish farming systems e.g. the lowest fish yield occurred in the H-In (321 tons/ha/crop) and the highest one was in the V-In (345 tons/ha/crop). In the Non-In, farmers had to pay all production cost, meanwhile farmers in the H-In and V-In paid 67.4% and 52.6%, respectively. Farm gate price in the V-In was higher than that in the Non-In and H-In. Ratio of economic lost households was highest in the Non-In (30%) and lowest in the V-In (16%). There was multiple regression correlation between yield, stocking density, total feeding, cost price, farm gate price and profit. The V-In type showed some major strengths such as providing pellet feed by integrated companies, reducing household?s investment cost and covering the whole of raw Striped catfish production. Generally, the V-In type is considered as the best integration in Striped catfish farming, which reduces risks and supports for sustainable catfish culture development in the Mekong Delta.

The aim of this study was to develop a polymerase chain reaction protocol using two specific primer sets for the detection of Salmonella enteritica in food products. The results showed that the invA primer set was specific for Salmonella spp. and the spvC primer set was specific for Salmonella enteritica including Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium. A multiplex PCR using two sets of primers to amplify the tagged genes of invA and spvC was successfully developed. A total of 260 specimens of food products collected from different markets in Cantho city were examined for Salmonella, the results showed that 20% of fermented pork roll samples, 47.5% of pork samples, 30% of beef samples, 46.7% of chicken meat samples, 40% of egg shell samples, 10% of egg samples (egg white and egg yolk), 0% of fermented crab samples, 40% of red ark shell samples, and 20% of pork skin products were contaminated with Salmonella spp. In addition, 2.5% of pork samples, 2.5% of beef samples, 1.6% of chicken meat samples, 10% of egg shell samples and 5% of bloood cockle samples were contaminated with Salmonella  enteritica.

This study was conducted to investigate characteristics of shooting, flowering and fruit development of ?E-Dor? longan. Experiments were conducted on 10 longan trees, at the age of 5 years, grown in Chau Thanh district, Dong Thap province from 7/2009-7/2010. Result reflected that each shoot development prolonged within 40-43 days, the period of the subsequent shoot flush tended to be longer than the first one. There was a dephasing of 3 hours between the period of pollen dissemination and pollination of male and hermaphrodite flowers. The hermaphrodite received pollen from 6 AM, whereas the male ones disseminated pollen from 9 AM. In an inflorescent, hermaphrodite and male flowers did not bloom concentratedly at the same time. Hermaphrodite flowers bloomed in 2 periods, the first one occurred primarily in the first 9 days after blooming (AB) and 12-18 days AB in the case of the second. Male flowers started to bloom from the fifth day AB, concentratedly in the 10-11th day. The period from fruit set to harvesting was 126 days. Fruit of E-Dor longan firstly developed peel and seed, reached the maximum speed in 70-80 days after fruit set, subsequently developed aril and fruit weight until harvesting. The maximum speed of the latter occurred in the 98-102nd day AFS 

Little information is available on the nitrifying bacteria community in intensive shrimp culture systems. Study on the dynamics of this group of bacteria in the shrimp ponds would help manage the pond more efficiently. A study on density, diversity and predominant species of nitrifying bacteria in a shrimp pond was conducted at a shrimp farming area in Soc Trang. Sediment samples were collected in two ponds at the beginning, middle and the end of culture period. Density of bacteria was determined by the classical method (Most Probable Number) and a molecular technique (Real Time-PCR). Diversity of nitrifying bacteria was measured by the DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) technique. The results showed that density of nitrification bacteria (MPN method) varied from 102-104 MPN/g sediment and not significantly different during sampling duration. Densities of Nitrosomonas varied from 102-0.7ì103 MPN/g and   of Nitrobacter varied from 1.2ì103-9.1ì107MPN/g by RT-PCR analysis. Community diversity was unchanged and Nitrosomonas europaea was the predominant species in pond sediments during the shrimp growing period.

This study was conducted to assess job adaptability of tourism students graduating from the universities in the Mekong Delta (MD). Research data were collected from 158 students having graduated from tourism major and working in the tourist businesses in the Mekong Delta. Research methods used in this study included descriptive statistics, Cronbach's Alpha test and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Research results showed that most of students only meet the average or fairly good levels of professional knowledge and skill requirements. However, their job adaptability is pretty good. Research results also showed that the factors affecting these students' job adaptability include foreign language skills??, workplace adaptability and professional knowledge. In particular, professional knowledge has the greatest influence on tourism students' job adaptability in the Mekong Delta.

In general, an effective municipal solid waste (MSW) system should include the following options: waste collection, transportation, transfer, intermediate treatment, reduce - reuse - recycle (3Rs) facilities and disposal. Among them, the waste collection and transfer are the most important components. Hence, the evaluation and optimization of these factors are important for building an effective MSW system. This paper describes a new approach for monitoring and managing the MSW collection and transfer system, which use GIS/GPS applications, other field observations and mapping. A case study was conducted to evaluate the current status and operational efficiency of the MSW collection and transfer system, especially door-to-door collection by handcarts in Can Tho. A one-week survey of 35 handcarts at nine meeting points (transfer points) was carried out. The results identified existing problems, weak-points, and improper activities. Moreover, regarding the results from this, authors expect to introduce a support tool for monitoring and managing MSW collection and transfer system for waste managers and policy decision makers.

Analysis of genetic diversity and construction of core collection in soybean germplasm were studied on a collection of 296 indigenous and exotic soybean cultivars collected from different geographical regions. The experiment was conducted in the Winter-Spring crop 2009 at the experimental station, Can Tho University. Each variety was sown by 1 row of 4 m length with a spacing of 40 cm x 10 cm, and 2 plants per hill, without-replication. Genetic diversity was evaluated by morphological and agronomic traits. The core collection was developed with PowerCore software based on 13 traits. One hundred seed weight varied from 6,88 g (Cuc luc Ngan) to 27,62 g (IT 104535). Hilum color and seed coat color was highest genetic diversity index. The exotic soybean cultivars were more diverse than indigenous ones. Plant height, pod number and plant yield showed wider range as compared to other characteristics. Exotic cultivar groups gave more diverse than indigenous cultivar groups in eight characteristics. 31 entries were really represneted for total of 296 entries by using M strategy. Core collection analysis had 10,7% of mean difference (MD%), 53,5% of variance difference (VD%), 136,3% of variable rate (VR%), and 95,6% of coincidence rate (CR%).

Research on micropropagation of Melaleuca cajuputi Powell was conducted to aim evaluation of some stages of micropropagtion. Three experiments were carried out to be surface sterilization, shoot multiplication and rooting. Results of experiments showed that surface sterilization stage of explants used alcoohol 70% for 30 second, rinsed with sterilized distilled water for 3 times and explants immersed in Clorox 20% for 30 minutes, rinsed again with sterilized distilled water for 3 times and then immersed in HgCl2 0,5   for 30 minutes. Stage of shoot multiplication was conducted in MS medium added 2 mg/l BA and stage of rooting in MS medium supplemented 2,0 mg/l of NAA

The study aimed to evaluate the economic eficiency of durian production in Tien Giang province. Survey data were collected from 120 households producing 2 varieties of Durian (Kho qua xanh and Hat lep) in Cai Lay district of Tien Giang province. The results showed that durian producing brought high profit to farmers. Sensitive analytical results showed that Kho qua variety had high risks due to the fluctuations of the market and cultivated conditions while the other variety, Hat lep, had ability to be robust to all risks very well. Finally, some recommendations were proposed to improve the economic efficiency of durian product in Tien Giang province.

This research was perfomed to determine texture changes of pineapple at different maturities by different thermal treatments in both cases with and without pre-treatment (blanching with solution of 0.15% CaCl2 in 55°C, 10 minutes). The experiment results showed that, texture degradtion of pineapples is proportional to the level of maturity and an increase in temperature. At a temperature of 80°C, the residual hardness (H? ) of pineapple obtained the highest value. The lowest value of H? occured in case of thermal treatment of pineapple at 90°C. The kinetic of thermal texture degradation according to fractional conversion model. CaCl2 salt has a possitive role in improving the texture of pineapple due to minimum value of texture degradation rate constant (k) and maximum value of residual hardness (HƠ) after heat treatment.

Economically quantitative land suitability classification of land evaluation in Cang Long district, Tra Vinh province, one of the important steps of procedure is to build the economical factor rating for eight land use types with 32 land mapping. Based on that economical factor rating was used to match with economical characteristics of benefit and B/C of each land mapping unit will gave economically quantitative land suitability classification. The study showed the economical factor ratings based on the % maximum yields of products by FAO (1976) and using Primer solfware were done and compared with the results of data that collected from practical investigation about suitable rating of high suitable (S1), moderator suitable (S2), maginally suitable (S3) and non-suitable (N) classification. Results of study showed that using the method of FAO (1976) that based on the % maximum yield (FAO, 1976) gave the same results with practical investigation data of farmers. Therefore, this method can be used to build the economical factor rating for economically quantitaive land suitability classification without checking by practical survey that will be costly and timely.

This study was conducted to discriminate plant descriptors of some lime cultivars and to identify those that are high yield, good quality and pest resistance. A survey was carried out in Cai Be district, Tien Giang province from 3/2011 to 6/2011. Total investigated households whose areas are larger than 2,000 m2 were 40. Plant discriptors were characterized based on those described by IPGRI (1999). Samples were collected to evaluate fruit quality. Results showed that growers have planted four lime cultivars, i.e. ?Num," ?Tu Quy," ?Tau Roi," and ?Tau Dum?. Characterized differences were leaf size, length/width ratio of leaf, number of vein, fruit weight, exocarp thickness, number of segment/fruit, liquid content; on the other hand, yield and its components, and fruit quality (Vitamin C and TA) were not significantly different among cultivars. ?Tu Quy? has large leaf size, while leaves of ?Tau Roi? and ?Tau Dum? are small, and their length/width ratio is high. ?Num? has large fruit with thick peel. Popular pests on lime mentioned by growers were red spider mite (Panonychus citri), thrips (Thrips sp.), scab (Elsinoe fawcettii), and root rot (Fusarium solani). Among varieties, ?Num? is less susceptible to the listed pests, especially root rot.

We study the supersymetric seesaw model in a S4 based flavor model. It has been shown that at the leading order, the model yields to exact tri-bimaximal pattern of the lepton mixing matrix and zero lepton-asymmetry of the decays of heavy right-handed neutrinos. By introducing a soft-breaking term in Dirac-neutrino mass matrix, a non-zero Ue3 is generated leading to the non-zeros of mixing angle q13 and Dirac CP violating phase dCP, and we also obtained the deviations of the values q12 and q23 from their tri-bimaximal values. In addition, non-zero lepton asymmetry from the decays of right-handed neutrinos is generated, as a result, by a reasonable choice of model parameters compatible with low-energy data, the baryon asymmetry of the Universe is successful generated through flavored leptogenesis.

The Hybrid yellow catfish from 8-12g/fish is evaluated the ability regulate ion and osmotic pressure at salinity 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18ppt, continue to arrange the fish in the salinity level of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15ppt to determine the growth, survival and FCR of fish after 90 days. Results showed that osmotic pressure and concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl- in the plasma did not change significantly in the treatments under 9ppt and increased in the treatments 12, 15 and 18ppt. Equilibrium between the osmotic pressure of the plasma and the media was 9ppt (292mOsm/kg). Hybrid yellow catfish?s growth rearing in 3 ppt was the best. Although there was insignificant difference among the test statistics from 0-9ppt (p>0,05), indicators of growth (weight and length) was higher and FCR in 3ppt treatments were lower, compared with other treatments. The survival rate of fish in 3ppt also reached the highest and lowest in treatments 15ppt.   

In this paper, we present a novel improvement of the Roughly Balanced Bagging algorithm (Hido & Kashima, 2008) to deal with the imbalanced data classification. Our proposal use ensemble-based algorithms including Boosting (Freund & Schapire, 1995), Random forest (Breiman, 2001) as base leaner of the orginal Roughly Balanced Bagging instead of a single decision tree (Quinlan, 1993). In addition, the distribution in each subset determined by under-sampling of the majority class is belongs to negative binomial distribution function using adjust parameter. The experimental results on imbalanced datasets from UCI repository (Asuncion & Newman, 2007) showed that our proposal outperforms the orginal Roughly Balanced Bagging.

This study was aimed to investigate biological characteristics of flowering and fruiting of Cat Chu mango. Experiments were conducted on 6 trees of Chu mango at the age of 6 from June/2007 to March/3008. The employed trees grown at Cao Lanh district, Dong Thap province were propagated by grafting on unknown rootstock. 30 inflorescences of each tree were labeled to observe flowering and blooming process. Results showed that inflorescences of Chu mango developed within 28 days, with 500-2,000 flowers, in which the ratio of hermaphrodite flower was 47.4%. Flowers bloomed in 14 days, whereas hermaphrodite flowers bloomed concentratedly at the 6th day, and 2 days later in the case of male flowers. Concentrated flowering occurred predominately in the morning, 75.5% and 62.9% of hermaphrodite and male flowers, respectively. Immature fruit drop happened primarily at the 20th day after fruit set (AFS). Fruit weight developed toward a simple curve discriminated into two stages: slow development in the first 30 day AFS, then followed by rapid one; finally fruits were harvested at the date of 80th AFS. Highest development rate of dimension and weight occurred at 40 and 50 days AFS, respectively.

In this work, the nanoparticle size of Fe3O4 is independent on changing the concentration(s) of FeCl2 and FeCl3, and the equivalent coefficient of reaction. The average particle size is ranging from 18nm to 22nm. The product exhibit superparamagnetic property at room temperature and the saturation magnetization of the products are in the range from 47,8 (emu/g) to 62 (emu/g).

A study was conducted at Cantho University to assess the efficiency of beneficial bacteria (probiotics) in improving water quality, growth and survival rate of shrimp performance. In this study, an experiment was designed with four treatments (control: no addition of bacteria), three replicates each in which the Bacillus strain (namely B37) isolated from shrimp ponds in Soc Trang was compared with two other beneficial bacteria in the probiotic products including CNSH (produced by the Bio-technology Institute, Cantho University) and PrawnBac (from USA). The experiment was implemented in 500 L composite tanks lined with a mud layer of 10 cm. Shrimp were stocked at a density of 50 ind.m-2 and water salinity was maintained at 16 ppt during 40 days of culture. Some water parameters, total bacteria, Bacillus and Vibrio counts were monitored every 5 days. Growth and survival rates of shrimp were evaluated at the end. The results indicated that COD, TAN, TKN, TN in sediment, TP in water and sediment were significantly improved in treatments supplemented with probiotics. Bacillus densities were higher in B37 and CNSH than those in other treatments. Vibrio were depressed in the bacterial treatments. Growth and survival rates of shrimp were also significantly better in these treatments. Of three bacteria strains, the B37 showed significant effects on water quality improvement and shrimp performance compared to other bacterial strains in the probitoic products (P

This paper presents the results on designing, manufacturing and testing a model of combining heat pump and rotary drum dryer. The experimental results showed that carrots were dried at drying temperature of 400C, drying air velocity of 2.5 m/s, drum rotation speed of 15 rpm, raw product mass of 4.5 kg, the dryer gets the high performance, more effective and stable working; the nature colour of dried products were kept better than some common drying methods.

In this research, a data based mechanistic modeling approach was applied in a frozen storage room for controlling of 3D product temperature distribution during storage of frozen foods. Six frozen storage rooms in the Mekong delta were investigated. 54 wireless temperature sensors (Maxim DS1921G) were used to record the temperature of airspace and similar products (in a matrix 3x3x3) with the interval time of one minute and total recording time of 24 hours. The study aimed at development of a data based mechanistic modeling approach in case of a frozen storage room. A first order transfer function model proved to be sufficiently good in describing the heat transfer from airspace to products with very high coefficient of determine R2 and low YIC value. The measured data and the model providing physically meaningful parameter in relation with a local heat transfer rate could be used to control of the 3D of airspace velocity and product temperature distribution during frozen storage rooms.

The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block, 3 replications, 12 treatments of 12 varieties/ lines of rice: MTL 513, MTL549, MTL495, MTL 645, TPCT8, TPCT10, TPCT11, TPCT12, TPCT13, TPCT14, TPCT15 and OM4218 as control varieties. The experiment was conducted in Spring- Summer crop of 2010 in Chau Thanh A district, Vi Thuy district and Nga Bảy Town of Hau Giang province. Four varieties/ lines of aromatic rice were selected as: MTL 513, MTL 549, MTL495, and MTL 645 content of low to intermediate amylose content (19.74 to 24.68%), high protein content (7.83 - 8.3%), high yield (7.23 to 7.46 tonnes / ha), short growth duration (less than 100 days), less disease than the control variety, long-stender grains and good grain quality, meeting the objectives.

The research aimed a comparision of behavior for shopping in super market and traditional market for goods in Can Tho city. The sample size of the research was 150 samples which the object is 95 samples of consumers, small business sales is 50 samples and the manager of the supermarket is 5. This paper applied research methods of descriptive statistics and discriminant function, the results showed that some prominent advantages of supermarkets are diversity in good, consistence in price, dynamic promotion. Meanwhile, the Vietnamese traditional market which has still kept some own advantages is competing to supermarket in term of business. You can easily reach a certain traditional market wherever you are in urban or rural. Moreover, going to a close-to-house market gives you chance to meeting neighbors, to bargain; and such things are part of Vietnamese cultural activities. However, the traditional market still keeps some disadvantages like: bad sanitation, uncertain quality of good, untrustworthiness which erode the consumers? favor to it. Ours paper try to analyses such matters and look for a suggestion to raise the relative role of traditional market to modern supermarket. Ours paper try to analyses such matters and look for a suggestion to raise the relative role of traditional market to modern supermarket.

This research study on building the proceduce for direct shoot regeneration of Phalaenopsis orchid from dormant buds of flower stalks. The results showed that: The medium with low macro and micro salt (ẵ macro MS + ẵ micro MS, plus 2 mg/l BAP and 0.5mg/l NAA) obtaining the highest number of shoots regeneration after 60 days of subculture inoculum (2.83 shoots/bud). The different position of dormant buds produced different shoots proliferation. Dormant buds near the base of flower stalks regenerated more vegetative shoots (82%), while dormant buds far from the base of flower stalks gave more reproductive shoot (33.24%). The medium of B5 macro salt and MS micro salt without plant growth regulator, vitamin and organic extract was most suitable for root regeneration (average 2 roots with 0.87 cm length).

Analysis of Genetic Relationship between seed size and lipid content and fatty acid composition in  Soybean Genotypes was carried out in Winter-Spring crop 2010 at Hung Thanh ward, Cai Rang district, Can Tho city. The experiment was carried out in completely randomized design. Each cultivar  was sown  by 1 row of  5 m length with a spacing of 40 cm x 10 cm, and 2 plants per hill, with three replications. MTĐ176 was chosen as control cultivar. Maturity of cultivars was relative short (85 days). Plant height belonged to short plant type (31cm). Grain yield per plant got 12,7g. There was positive correlation between seed number and grain yield (r = 0,82**). Lipid content in seeds was relative high (20,51%). Unsaturated fatty acid was so high (83,7%). There was positive correlation between seed size and Stearicacid (r =0,402* ).

Research on evaluation of aluminum toxicity on growth of Malaleca cajuputi Powell was carried out to aim determination of aluminum tolerance of this plant. Research included two experiments, each had five treatments at different concentrations of Al2(SO4)3. In the first experiment had five concentrations of Al2(SO4)3 from 0,4 mM, 4,5 mM, 5 mM, 5,5 mM. In the second experiments also had five treatments at concentrations from 0,5 mM, 10 mM, 15 mM, 20 mM of Al2(SO4)3. Nutrient solution was used in experiments to be Hoagland solution. Results showed that aluminium toxicity effected on growth of Malaleca cajuputi Powell. Root length was inhibited at concentration 10 mM of Al2(SO4)3. Shoot number was inhibited at concentration 20 mM of Al2(SO4)3.. Stem length increased at concentration 15 mM and inhibited at concentration 20 mM. Higher concentrations of aluminium increased ratio of dry matter. Morphology of root showed that root injured at concentration from 10 ? 20 mM of Al2(SO4)3.  

Objective of the current work is to study the potential of utilizing waste coffee ground as a feedstock to produce biodiesel. For this purpose, acid-catalyzed pretreatment of highly acidic coffee oil (IA = 21.19 mgKOH/g) followed by a standard transesterification procedure with methanol and potassium methoxide as a catalyst was used to produce coffee oil methyl esters. The transesterification reaction parameters such as methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, temperature and time have been investigated. The optimized yield was found to be 74.5%. The quality of the produced biodiesel was evaluated by the determinations of important properties such as density, kinematic viscosity, acid value, iodine value, fatty acid composition and the oxidation stability. The results showed that the produced biodiesel exhibited fuel properties within the limits prescribed by the latest American Standards for Testing Material (ASTM), European standards (EN) and Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS). These obtained results demonstrated the potential of waste coffee ground  as an excellent feedstock for biodiesel production.

The study aims to evaluate the gas production capacity of semi-continuous anaerobic digester on co-digestion of pig manure (PH) and water hyacinth (LB) in case of with or without adding Trichoderma. The mixture of 75% PH + 25% LB was used as feeding material for the lab-scale digesters in this study. After 35 days of fermentation, the total biogas volume of treatment with Trichoderma is 301.43 liters while the total biogas volume of treatment without Trichoderma is 293.09 liters. The methane volumes of these treatments are 171.20 liters and 165.11 liters, respectively. The recorded values of two treatments are not significant different at 5% level. These results revealed that water hyacinth hydrolyzed by inoculum in 2 days could be fed direct to the digester without pre-treatment by Trichoderma.

The aim of this study is to apply FCC Soil fertility capability classification system (Sanchez, et al., 2003), which modified for rice soil of the Mekong delta by Vo Quang Minh (2007) for classfying soil fertility of intensive rice cultivation soils in Tra Vinh province. The study based mainly on soil analysis data at different sites and the soils map of Travinh province classified by WRB system (1998). The conversion from soil map to FCC soil fertility map was based on the relation between diagnostic horizons, the diagnostic properties with the FCC modifiers and factors. The result was shown that the rice soil of Tra Vinh province consist 3 major soil groups of 3 diagnostic horizons, 10 diagnostic properties and 2 diagnostic materials. The soil fertility characteristics as well as the main limited factors for rice cultivation in Tra Vinh provice were identified and named as modifiers  a, a, s, s-, i, e, o, k, p, o, f. The proper soil use for rice cultivation depending on soil fertility properties were also recommended.

There are many new technological advancements in rice were transferred to farmers in last year. In fact, the production of rice in the An Giang Province has shown that the level of the application of new technique depends on several factors such as level of education, farming practices and conditions of households. Therefore, The objective of this study aims to analyze the current state applicating new techniques in Rice of farmers in the An Giang Province. Survey of the application new techniques is done by rapid rural appraisal method for 210 rice production farmers in Thoai Son, Cho Moi and Tri Ton districts in the 2010-2011 winter-spring crop. The results showed that the application of new technology has a positive impact to rice production farmers in the An Giang province and the percentage of farmers using new rice varieties, fertilizer balance formula as recommended by the agricultural sector increased over percentage of farmers using of traditional technique.

A four step synthetic process of sodium amidopropoxyacetate (7b) from catfish fat has been sucessfully developed with the total yield of 38%. The synthetic method made use of (a) Transesterification of catfish triglycerides to obtaine a mixture of methyl esters (2b) which was then undergone an (b) Amidation reaction using propanolamine to give the corresponding N-(3-hydroxypropyl)carboxamide (4b) (c) Carboxylation of (4b) and finally (d) Base treatment  to finish the desired sodium amidopropoxyacetate (7b). The structures of the synthetic compounds have been fully determined based on NMR spectroscopy data. This type of anionic surfactant proved to possess a good emulsifying property, negligible irritativeness although lower foaming stability was observed compared to that of the comercially available LAS surfactant..