Social insurance is one of the most brilliant creations of a century of democratic politics. It arises from the understanding that competitive market economies do not distribute their fruits equitably. Social insurance was a wise admission on the part of supporters of competitive economies that citizens would take the risk such economies require only if they were provided with a degree of security, especially against unemployment, the sudden death of a spouse, sickness, employment accidents, occupational diseases  and old age. For unemployment benefits,Vietnamwill have it in the near future. Therefore, studying regulations of unemployment benefits ofBelgium- one of the most generous systems in the world according to the World Labour Report 2000 - is to look for good regulations in order to apply for our country. I suppose this is very necessary at present.

A field trial was conducted on the alluvial soil of Tan Khanh Dong village, Sa Dec town, Dong Thap province in Spring-Summer 2004 cropping-season to evaluate effects of Sinorhizobium fredii and Pseudomonas spp. to growth of soybean (cv. Nhat ban 17A). The results showed that the yield component, seed yield and protein content in soybean seeds were markedly increased by watering of fermented Pseudomonas liquid as compared to control treatment. Inoculated soybean seeds with Sinorhizobium fredii (VN082 or ĐH-2 strain) accompanied by fermented Pseudomonas liquid had the highest seed yield and the best quality of soybean seeds.

Let R be a commutative Von Neumann regular ring. In this paper we study the latice of subgroups of general linear groups G=GLn(R) containing group D=Dn(R) of diagonal matrices. We show that if R is a ring whose residue class fields all have at least seven elements, then D is a fan subgroup of group G.

For many business companies, market penetration and expansion have become a  crucial factor for their business operation and growth, especially when the domestic market matures. The most significant issue is to seek for the appropriate strategies. In the following article, I would like to analyze the current situation of market penetration of instant noodle via the business insight process. Also, I would like to point out some strategies for market penetration through available choices so that Vietnamese instant noodle companies could be able to successfully penetrate conventional markets inEuropevia theNetherlands.   

Protein requirements of small (2.6 g initial weight ) and large (6.07 initial weight) sizes of giant snakehead (Channa micropeltes) fingerlings were studied in a 20 sixty-liter plastic container system with water re-circulated. The fish were fed five iso-caloric diets (4.2 kcal/g) containing graded levels of 14% to 54% protein for 50 days. The survival rate of small and large fingerlings was low at 14% and 24% protein treatments, significantly different from the others. Daily weight gain of small fingerlings fed 54% dietary protein (0.05 g/day) and that of large ones fed 44% protein (0.07 g/day) were highest. The dietary proteins for maximum specific growth rate of small and large sizes of fingerlings were 50.8% and 46.5%, respectively. The optimum protein levels in diets from 30.7 ? 36.8 % (small size) and 27.8-32.8% (large size) would be used to minimize costs but maintain adequate growth of both fish sizes.

A Sinorhizobium fredii strain and Pseudomonas spp. strain were investigated to determine their growth-promoting activities in lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in the alluvial soil of Cantho city during two seasons (Winter-Spring 2003-2004 and Summer-Autumn 2004) in the fields. The experiment consisted of four treatments: 100 kg N/ha without inoculation, rhizobial inoculation (100 kg/ha rhizobial-peat inoculant) with 30 kg N/ha, pseudomonad fermentation liquid (200 litre/ha) with 30 kg N/ha and control without inorganic fertilizer, inoculation.  Yield component and grain yield were determined at maturity. Inoculation with rhizobial and pseudomonad inoculants increased plant height, paniciles, seed/panicle, 1000-seed weight and reduced no-seed ratio. Application of Sinorhizobium fredii and Pseudomonas spp. enhanced grain yield by 25.38 to 29.38% and 20.36 to 37.02%, respectively. Inoculation also saved amount of N in rice with 70 kg N/ha. Protein content in seed of inoculated rice did not differ with non-inoculated rice applying 100 kg N/ha significantly. The results indicate that certain strains of rhizobia and pseudomonads can promote growth and yield of high-yielding rice.

This study examined the current rice marketing system and the channels of rice distribution in theMekongRiverDelta. In the domestic rice market, private rice traders have an important role in distributing the product to regional and inter-regional consumers. Large millers/polishers control the export channels. Domestic channels of rice distribution are organized quite effectively to provide the convenient form and quality of the product to final consumers. The rice assemblers and retailers may be considered as most efficient in trading. In contrast, the rice millers/polishers seem to be inefficient owing to their relatively higher percentage shares of marketing cost to gross marketing margins. The open market orientation inVietnamhas created a favorable environment for private rice traders. The national trade flows are completely liberalized offering a good opportunity for increasing the efficiency of the marketing systems.

Promising rice varieties/lines were tested for blast tolerance in nursery in four provinces of An Giang, Soc Trang, Tien Giang and Can Tho in the years of 2003-2004.  IRRI blast differential varieties and 1980 IRRI?s blast standard were used in this experiment, with Te Tep as the resistant check whereas B40, MTL124 and OM1490 as the susceptible checks.  The bi index was used to measure the blast tolerance stability of tested varieties. The results showed that leaf blast in An Giang and Soc Trang was more serious than that in Tien Giang and Can Tho over seasons. Pathogenic races of Pyricularia oryzae sequently varied over seasons and locations.  Results indicated that the varieties of MTL384, MTL366, MTL367, MTL368, MTL371, MTL409, MTL216, MTL83 and MTL378 had a stable resistance to blast in all locations over seasons.  Besides, promising varieties tested which are resistance to specific blast races in particular locations were also determined.

We studied the effects of different concentrations of decomposing Rhizophora apiculata leaves and their extracts on larvae of the shrimp Penaeus monodon under laboratory conditions. Shrimp mortality depended highly on the oxygen concentration, which was strongly correlated to the amount of decomposing leaves. Survival and biomass of the shrimps when together with plastic leaves was lower than for shrimps with mangrove leaves. This indicated that food derived from mangrove leaves contributed to a higher shrimp survival and biomass. These results have important implications for the culture of shrimps in extensive mangrove-shrimp systems. While litter may promote shrimp production, high leaf concentrations may have negative effects due to the drop of oxygen concentration. Water circulation may help to prevent low oxygen conditions and reduce local accumulation of mangrove leaves.

We have a lot of argument about the renovation of our teaching methods; however, a very effective tool for teaching, especially for the Positve Teaching Methods, hasn?t been mentioned. That is questions and the use of questions in the process of teaching. For teaching, many kinds of questions such as questions from teacher to student, student to student, questions for evaluations, questions for exploring ideas,... as well as strategies for using the questions are not interesting to most teachers. Seriously discussing this problem will be a contribution for the process of renovating the teaching methods in high schools.

This paper presents a neural networks-based method for a robot control system using Vietnamese voice commands. A STFT-based method for formant estimation is used to extract important features of recorded waveforms to generate the training data. A multi-layer feed-forward neural network is trained to recognize four words of any speakers, which are ?Trái?, ?Phải?, ?Tới?, and ?Lui?. Testing our system to control a wireless car shows the stability, accuracy of approximately 90% and ability to extend the system.

Grain quality including nutritional and commercial qualities were evaluated using IRRI's standard (1988).  Experimental results showed that amylose content of the grain was scored at various categories, in which the intermediate amylose content group 11 varieties are of. Total brown rice protein content ranged from 7% to 13%, in which 33 varieties had total protein content higher than 10% gelatinization temperature ranged from code 1 to 7, in which 29 varieties had code 3; gel consistency was scored at various categories,in which 20 varieties were at scale from 4(soft) to 5 (very soft; brown rice length ranged from scale 3(long) to 7(short), in which 24 varieties were scale 3(long); brown rice shape ranged from scale 1(slender) to 3(medium), in which 12 varieties were scale 1.

Studying etymology is a serious work that can?t be based on subjective inference but on scientific methodology grounded on strict criterions. The following paper proposes some foundamental criterions for studying etymology in Vietnamese.

The share of agricultural production in the GDP of Can Tho is relatively high. It plays a decisive role in the stablization and development of the city. Furthermore, the added value of livestocks has a tendency to grow faster than the added value of cultivation; this is in accordant with the general trend of the social economic development and the target of economic structure of Can Tho. In order to form the economic policy in the coming years of Can Tho city for the agricultural production, especially livestocks products and livestocks products market. The research has found major agents that play the importantrole on the process of production and distribution pork products. The study aimed to analyze the market agents and its role in marketing channel of pig market inMekongRiverDelta.

Some rice varieties were collected  in  Ben Tre, Long An, Tien Giang and Tra Vinh provinces. These  varieties were evaluated by microsatellite method with primer RM223, and seed storage proteins were evaluated by protein SDS-PAGE method.  Results showed that 6 rice varieties had the same molecular length of DNA band expressed on saline tolerance as previous reports (Doc Phung), 11 rice varieties had the same as that of sensitive standard variety (IR28) while the other 5 rice varieties had the length of molecular DNA between the two standard varieties. These rice varieties were high  phenotypic diversity (Ho), genotypic diversity (HEP), and sum of the effective number of alleles (SENA). This reflected that rice varieties planted along the coastal areas of the Mekong Delta were diverse in seed storage proteins, thus selection on expected elite pure lines could be  effective on saline tolerance and high protein content .

The research aimed to analyze production efficiency, strengths, weaknesses and demand for cooperation of farming households; solutions for improvement and development of cooperation and cooperative in theMekongDelta were recommended. The results of the study showed that cooperation and cooperative have taken an important role in increasing production efficiency and development of agricultural production. The services of cooperation and cooperative have been evaluated well in quality, price and forms of payment transaction. However, these services haven?t met enough the members and households? need.

The purposes of this study were to investigate the cage culture system and its related environmental conditions, to determine the quality and quantity of pollutants produced by cages, to detect the fate of pollutants in the river, and to recommend methods for pollution mitigation in cage culture. The cage culture area was divided into three equal sections (upstream, middle and downstream) in both SoThuongCanaland theMekongRiver.  Nine cages, one in So Thuong Canal and two in Mekong River, were randomly selected from each section for measurement of water quality and determination of nutrients in fish, feed and sediments. Water quality measurements in the present study showed that there were no significant differences in all water quality parameters among cages in different locations (upstream, middle stream and downstream), between cage water and open water, or between the water in front and downstream from the cage culture areas.  Waste loadings from cage culture do not appear to have significant impact on fish production and water quality.

Curriculum management is an important content in higher education activities.  The curricula based on open and multi forms are managed upon autonomy and accountability which ensure the harmony among individuals, markest and the state.  These new curricula gradually replace the former ones based upon definite forms which focus on the so-called early approach of specialized  education, to satisfy fixed careers for learners after graduation.  Generally, these former  curricula  used to be managed by centralized mechanism.  Accordingly, there is an urgent need for a new concept of curriculum management The curriculum management from the view points of micro and macro needs to be effectively and systematically approached with appropriate solutions to ensure the legal aspects and efficiency of  implementation and management together with satisfying the demands on quality assurance of higher education. 

This paper addresses the simulation of an autonomous amphibious vehicle.  All components of the vehicle driveline from the engine, CVT, gearbox to wheels are analysed and simulated, based on their dynamic models and trial data.  Results from the simulation can be useful for studying dynamics and control of the vehicle.

Mango species in theMekong Delta ofViet Nam was considered as in the region of original center of polyembryo mangoes (Vo Cong Thanh andHuynhKy, 2000). A twelve economic mango varieties propagated by seeds such as ?Cat Chu?, ?Thanh ca?, ?Thom? planting in the region,six mango varieties in the germplasm of Cantho University were also analysed by leaf protein (SDS-PAGE) and DNA (CAPS-PCR run with 5 primer: CAP1A, CAP3A, CAP3B, CAP5A, CAP12A) methods. Results showed that any young leaf samples in the same tree had the same proteins,a sexual plant could distinguish with asexual plants by leaf protein method easily. CAP5A could be applied to distinguish polyembryos into one sexual and asexual embryos. Mango varieties such as ?Du Du?, ?Thom?, ?Buoi?, and ?Hon? were clasified into the same group (M.odorata). Other varieties including ?Bac?, ?Cat Chu?, ?Cat?, ?Tuong?, ?Cat Hoa Loc? were M. indica, and ?Thanh Ca? variety has confirmed as M. mekongensis (Pham Hoang Ho 2001).

Teaching methodology plays an important role in enhancing the quality of language learning.   Reforming the methods of teaching is required of every teacher.  Several studies show that the learner-centered approach has its strong points in enhancing learners? autonomy and active attitude and improving their language skills.  Though not a new method, this approach has been encouraged for use and actually used in schools and foreign language centers.

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