The study location in Long Khanh village - Cai Lay district ? Tien Giang province was grown rice around the year of 1967. Since the land exploitation for agriculture, rice production has intensified from 1 crop per year to 7 crops in 2 years. Local farmers sow the following crop immediately after harvesting the former ones. The land is always covered by rice in the whole year around. After harvesting rice, the straw was distributed over the field and burn. As a traditional land preparation, before sowing of each rice crop, the soil is irrigated and puddled in the flooded condition with heavy machine. The soil seems to suffer to physical soil deterioration. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the physical soil characteristics in the area of intensive rice cultivation at Long Khanh village in the Mekong Delta. The results showed that the physical soil fertility of area was poor, indicating to  physical soil degradation. Soil compaction was identified in the soil profile, a compacted soil horizon existed in the soil depth of 20-45 cm with a thickness of 25 cm, so-called ?a plough pan?. The high value of bulk density and the bad soil structure of the compacted soil horizon mainly influences to rice yield in the area.

This study was conducted to understand the flowering, fruit set and fruit development process of Java rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) that is useful to study the year round flowering and techniques to increase the yield and fruit quality.  Four 24-year old rambutan trees that grown at Tan Thoi village, Phong Dien District, Can Tho City were used for this study from 6/2004 to 1/2005.  The results showed that inflorescences developed fast during the second week to the third week and reached 13 cm at bloom stage after re-watering 30 days.  Young mature fruits dropped concentrating in the 2nd week (50%), following in the 3rd week (30%), then almost stopped in the 8th week, getting 11.7 fruit per panicle.  Duration from fruit set to harvest was about 15-16 wks.  Fruit weight increased very fast due to the development of fresh aril from 9th week to harvesting stage.  Ripe process began at four weeks before harvest (12th week after fruit set) that was expressed by the colour changes of rind and spintern from pink to red pink, red and deep red. 

This study aims to analyze the current market structure and marketing channel of swine in theMekongRiverDelta. Domestic marketing channels of swine are organized quite effectively to provide the convenient form and quality of the product to final consumers. The private assemblers/slaughterhouses and retailers may be considered as most efficient in trading. The activities of breeders, assemblers and slaughterhouses are strongly affected by internal and external business environment. The governement has played an important role in developing swine industry. It has issued positive policies to encourage developing swine industry such as breeding and quality control policies, feeding policies, animal health and veterinary services policies, extension activities, commercialization and marketing.

The study investigated the change in BOD, NH4+ and PO43- of piggeries waste water by using  vetiver grass (Vetiver zizanioides L.) and  water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). The results shown that, after 8 days of planting water hyacinth could not survive and grow under BOD 245.8 mg/l. In contrast, vetiver grass grown and developed well during under piggery waste water. Vetiver grass reduced 40.0 and 13.8 percentage of  BOD and nitrogen , respectively. The presence of  Vetiver grass impaired the growth of algal. The algal growth rate was  4.7 fold lower than that control. At the end of experiment vetiver grass increased in fresh weight and dry weight (96% and 92%), stem length (135%), root length (96%) and new shoot development (263.8%). In addition accumulated ratio of nitrogen in both root and stem also increased significantly.

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate effect of Pseudomonas spp. on sugarcane yield and concentration of sugar in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)(cv. VĐNL-7)cultivated on acid sulphate soil of Ben Luc district, Long An province in two continuous cropping seasons (2004-2005). The results showed that Pseudomonas spp. in peat-carrier (biofertilizer) increased Brix degree in sugarcane in the first cropping-season and enhanced sugarcane-yield and concentration of sugar both two cropping-seasons; application of biofertilizer for sugarcane reduced 184 kg N (400 kg urea) and 192 kg P2O5 (1200 kg superphosphate). Yield and sugar concentration of sugarcane were higher than sugarcane received only inorganic fertilizer farmers received from 37,968 to 56,596 million VND/ha.

This paper devotes to find out and to measure the household technical efficiency by the two selected farming patterns in Cho Moi District, AnGiangProvince. Along with this, the author tries to make some conclusions from findings more valuable by computation of economies in scale from which we can infer whether scale efficiency existed or not. Moreover, the conclusions are also corroborated through the sampling method for data and hypothesis testing such as randomly sampling method and One-sided generalized likelihood ratio test (LR), respectively. For the cross-sectional data obtained for the 2004/05 agricultural year, Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier input distance functions (SFIDF) are found to be adequate representations of data. The empirical results indicate that farmers with continuous rice pattern are more technically efficient than farmers with crop rotation pattern.

Fruits were harvested at date of 95th to 100th after flowering. They were stored at different temperature levels (8-10oC, 10-12oC, 12-14oC; RH ? 50 %) combined with the use of perforated LDPE bags (25.10-2 x 35.10-2 x 5.10-6 m) of percentage of open area of 0,3%, 0,5%, 1% and 1,5%. Holes with diameter of 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm and 5mm respectively, were positioned regularly at two sides of bags. The results showed that ?Hoa Loc? mango can be stored for 28 days at 10-12oC (RH ? 50 %) in LDPE bags; however, there was a stagnation of water inside the bags make it a good medium for spoilage. Making holes to the bags (percentage of open area of 0,5%, 3mm diameter) only slightly increased total weight loss (13,11%) but significantly decreased spoilage during storage (32 days). With these conditions, the sensory quality of fruits was best maintained and the shelf life was prolonged up to 32 day.

The experiments were carried out at Department of Plant Protection,CanthoUniversityto study the influence of mineral nutrients on the mycelium development and the sporulation of two Trichoderma strains T-BM2a and T-OM2a on PDA and PDB medium. The results showed that the fungi Trichoderma spp. grew well in media supplied with ammonium sulphate (14; 28; 56 mmol) and ammonium nitrate (14; 28; 56 mmol). Besides of it, the sporulation of these strains is also formed and significant differences when Urea (14 and 28 mmol) were added to PDB medium. On the other hand, potassium phosphate (4 mmol), gypsum (1.25 mmol) and magnesium sulphate (32 mmol) clearly influenced on the development and sporulation of Trichoderma strains T-BM2a and T-OM2a after 7 days of treating. Title: The influence of mineral nutrients N, P, K, Ca and Mg on the development and sporulation of Trichoderma fungi

Experiments were conducted to determine effects of plant growth regulators and positions on young leaf tissue arising protocorm like bodies. Results showed that surface sterilization obtained 78% of completely clean explants. Dormant buds of flower stalk were able to arise shoots in vitro in proportion of vegetative shoot 21,9% and reproductive shoot 46,9%. Pprotocorm- like bodies arose from pieces of young leaf tissue pieces of three Phalaenopsis cultivars KH, PRM and PWR on KH1 medium supplemented different plant growth regulators. Two orchid cultivars PKH and PWR created proptocorm like bodies at medium added 2,4-D (0,25 mg/l) and NAA (0,25 mg/l) respectively. PRM cultivar was not arosen protocorm like body. Positions of leaf bottom gave rise the best protocorm like bodies. Medium (Lindemann, 1967) was supplemented BA 3,25 mg/l and NAA 0,2 mg/l to be very efficient on shoot propagation. Orchid plantlets were developped very good in medium KH3 supplemented 100 g of Xiem banana.

Lotus seeds often change from white to brown color quickly after peeling.  This browning reaction caused by two factors.  The first factor is non-enzymatic reaction.  The second factor is enzymatic reaction mainly caused by peroxidase enzyme (POD).  To clarify the effects of enzyme on browning reaction, activity of POD was examined by its catalysis in the reaction between guaiacol and H2O2 to produce violet-brown tetraguaiacol. POD activity was examined by tetraguaicacol production based on absorbance increasing in every minute measured by a spectrophotometer at 470 nm. Enzyme solution was extracted at different pH levels from 3.5 to 8.5 and treated at 300C to 800C for 5 minutes. The results showed that POD enzyme from lotus seeds had the highest activity at 300C and in the  buffer with pH= 6. This enzyme was inactive at  temperature over 700C. Activity of lotus seed POD was quickly decreased at pH 3,5 and 8,5.

With the aim to contribute the way for improvement of the yield and the quality of Xuan Thanh wine, the present research objectives are to study and to select the enzymatically active moulds in the saccharification of cooked rice starch. The moulds were isolated from 14 different starters collected in Xuan Thanh by BiRDI, CTU. Total mould, yeast and bacteria counts were 6,3 ? 8,5; 5,8 - 8,3 and 5,6 ? 6,4 log cfu/g of starter dry weight sample, respectively. Of 43 mould isolates tested for the starch degrading activity, 9 strains were selected and further examined for their performance in the saccharification. Three strains showed significantly high activity during the saccharification (95% confidence level), in which they were able to produce up to 37% (w/v of saccharified liquid). The target strains of moulds were identified as Rhizopus that belongs to genera of the Zygomycetes and the order Mucorales.

The essential oil and ethyl acetate extracts of the aerial parts of Eupatorium odoratum L. from Phu Yen province were investigated.  The essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS.  One of chalcones (Odoratin) and one of flavonols (3,3Â,5-trihydroxy-4Â,7-dimethoxyflavone) were isolated from ethyl acetate extracts.  Their structures were interpreted from spectra including IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HSQC,HMBC,MS and based on published data.  At the first time, these flavonoids were tested on antimicrobial activity. The results showed that both of flavonoids inhibited to P. aeruginosa, ASP.niger and F. oxyporum.

The influence of pre-treatment on thermal texture degradation kinetics of pineapple was studied in order to limit texture loss during subsequent thermal processes. This research were performed based on investigation at 9 different preheating conditions (10, 20 and 30 minutes- preheating at 50, 55 and 60oC), combined with a calcium dip in a 0,5 % CaCl2 solution.  The results showed that all pre-treatments cause positive effect on increase of the hardness of thermally processed pineapple pieces. When pre-treatment combinations (pre-heating at 55oC for 10 minutes before or after soaking in CaCl2 solution) were applied, a significant increase of hardness value was obtained. In case of pineapples, the fractional conversion model was used to described thermal texture degradation.

In reality, there are many disputes on the common property and private property of spouses, especially in the case that they have conflicts. A new rule defined in Family Law 2000 which did not exist in the previous Family laws enacted in 1959 and 1986 helps to solve these disputes well, it is ?the rule to presume the property to be common property?. This rule is analysed on the comparation with French Civil law.

Compost of sugarcane filter cake was applied to acid sulfate soils to alleviate Al toxicity and to improve P availability and plant yield. The efficacy of compost on acid sulfate soil was tested based on the changes of soil Al fractions, inoragnic P (Pi) fractions and growth of maize and sugarcane as well. Soluble Al, exchangeable Al and organically bound Al were reduced significantly with the increase of applied compost. Most of soluble Pi of applied compost converted to Al-Pi  and Fe-Pi due to high content of active Al and Fe in acid sulfate soils. Application of compost improved the root growth of maize and reduced the Al uptake. The effect of compost on sugarcane yield grown on acid sulfate soil was not significant in the first crop. However, initial results revealed that application of compost was enable to save more chemical fertilizers from farmers? use.

This study was conducted to understand the factors related to the flowering of Java rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.). Over 20 year-old rambutan trees grown at farmer?s orchard on Phong Dien district, Can Tho city were used in this study. The flowering was induced by spraying paclobutrazol (PBZ) at different concentration combination with water stress and plastic mulching. Levels of GA-like substances in leaves were extracted following the method of Nguyen Du Sanh (1996) and estimated by bio-assaying on the rice variety MTL 233. Levels of starch, reducing sugar and nitrate in leaves were determinated by spectrophotometer wave length at 420 to 460 nm. The results showed that GA-like substances in leaves decreased when leaves were mature and got the negative relationship with the rate of flowering. PBZ spraying that caused decreasing GA-like substances in leaves leaded on increasing the rate of flowering. When shoot tips differentiated and developed (about 30 days after PBZ spraying) nitrate level in leaves increased while starch and reducing sugar unchanged, therefore the rate of starch and reducing sugar per nitrate decreased.

Challenges and opportunities, the two main issues that exist in the progresses of the bilateral and multilateral integration and cooperation, that are concerned both from the macroeconomic level and the microeconomic level. With the rapid speed in the integration and cooperation especially from the 90?s,Vietnamhad caught a lot of good opportunities. However, as the developing country and lacking of experiences in integration and cooperation as well as low skills and technology,Vietnamhad faced with many challenges with respect to values of import-export and flows of foreign direct investment (FDI). This paper tries to outline these matters in the fact of the circumstance under whichVietnamhad joined the ASEAN and had implemented the commitments related to the Vietnam-US Bilateral Trade Agreement (VN-US BTA).

A comparison was conducted to evaluate the effect of rice straw (treatment I), ensiled sugar cane bagass (ESCB) with urea (treatment II) or molasses (treatment III) at level of 4% on daily live weight gain (DLWG), feed conversion ratio(FCR) and digestibility of growing cattle. The experiment was allocated according to a complete block design with four replicates using 12 F2 growing cattle of 145 kg ± 15 initial live weight. DLWG of treatment II and III were in similar (0.52kg/day) and significantly higher than that of treatment I (0.42 kg/day) (P=0.01). FRC of treatment II and III (7.9) were significantly lower than that of treatment I (9.4) (P=0.01). CP digestibility of treatment II and III was improved as compared to the treatment I (P

Experiment was arranged by a randomized complete design. Rhizophora apiculata leaves were incubated in natural sea water at salinities  of 5 and 10 ppt. There were 3 treatments with 3 replicates: (1) natural water-without leaves; (2) natural sea water-nitrogen supplement-without leaves; (3) natural sea water-nitrogen supplement-with leaves. The results showed that total nitrogen concentration from water decreased lightly in range of 1,12 - 2,19 mg/L at the treatment of nitrogen supplement-without leaves; whereas the treatment of nitrogen supplement-with leaves significantly decreased in comparasion the treatment without leaves (0,9-5,1 mg/L). The ability of nitrogen reduction by heterotrophic microorganisms that attatched on R. apiculata leaves was reached approximately 45%, 25%  and 9% in the first, second, third weeks respectively. Total nitrogen could be decreased 0,029mg/day/gDW.

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the role of boron on pollen germination and yield of CamSanh orange (Citrus nobilis var. typica Hassk). CamSanh orchards were used for experiments obtained 6 year olds and exploited economically for two years. Research methods based on following experiments: investigation of pollen germination and pollen tube development ofCamSanh; Effects of boron spray onCamSanh yield; effects of boron spray time onCamSanh yield. Results of experiments showed that boron had the effect in pollen germination and ImprovingCamsanh orange yield. Foliar boron application from 100 to 250 ppm increased yield as compared with control. Application of foliar boron before flowering is more efficiency than after flowering. There was no difference among kinds of boron applied. 

In Vietnamthe fermented foods have been produced commonly using traditional technique.  However, their quality is not stable, and the shelf-life is short.  There are many causes for this problem, such as the pretreatment step,  the salt concentration in brine, etc.  In the present study, the effect of combination of fermented temperature and salt concentration on pikled purple onion was investigated. The fermentation was controlled at two different modes of the fermented temperature (20 ± 2oC, 30 ± 2oC) and at four sodium chloride concentration (2,5; 3,0; 3,5 and 4,0%). To evaluate the quality of the pickled purple onions, total acidity (%), salt content (%), firmness (g of force), the pH level, and colour were analyzed. The results indicated that product showed good quality when they were fermented at 3,5% NaCl at 30oC (±2oC) for 15 days of  fermentation.

The surveys on durian orchards in Cantho, Vinhlong, Tiengiang and Bentre have isolated and selected 3/45  strains of Trichoderma  antagonised well with 12 pathogenic strains of P. palmivora. In OMon orchard, after 53 days after treating of Trichoderma strains to control P. palmivora, diseased roots and leaves recovered rapidly with the significant differences comparing to fungicide  and control treatments. This effectiveness can maintain up to 150 days after treating. In ChoLach, the application of cow manures (30 kg/tree) added with Trichoderma fungi (Tricô-ĐHCT product, 5 g/tree with 109 spores/g) and lime (1.7 t/ha of CaO), the disease ratio of gummosis (by P. palmivora) reduced significantly comparing to control treatment. This biological control also increased the productivity and quality of durian fruits.

The essential oil extraction of dried fruits of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) from Chuse district (province Gialai) by means of supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent was carried out for the first time. The chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results indicated the essential oils obtained by the supercritical fluid extraction had higher level of sesquiterpene hydr0Carbons to monoterpenes. When the pressure increased (110 bar), Piperine, the main pungent component of black peper oleoresin was obtained.

Lodging is one of the important factors that limit rice yield and could not be controlled completely. There are some methods to control lodging such as: cultivation of anti-lodging rice varieties, intermittent irrigation, rational fertilization, treating with plant growth regulators?When cultivation of anti-lodging rice varieties, intermittent irrigation, rational fertilization could not be applied, treatment with plant growth regulators will be the best way to control lodging. The effects of prohexadione calcium (prohexadione-Ca) combined with potassium application were examined to control lodging on ST1 rice variety in this study. 10 g ai prohexadione-Ca/ ha was applied separately or combined with four levels of potassium (15, 30, 45 and 60 kg K2O/ ha) to control lodging.  Applying prohexadione-Ca  at the fiftieth and sixty fifth day after sowing decreased lodging. Applying 45 and 60 kg K2O/ ha not only decreased lodging but also increased rice yield in autumn - summer crop. Prohexadione-Ca decreased lodging by  decrease of plant height, internode elongation, cell length and increase rice stem hardness.

The process of sugar-cane juice was studied for diversifying products of sugar-cane.  Sugar-cane was harvested at 10th to 11th months of cultivation.  Then, sugar-cane was treated with different steps including peeling, blanching, crushing, filtration, bottling and pasteurization.  The sugar-cane processing was focused on (i) effect of the blanching temperature and time on preventing of browning of sugar-cane juice (ii) effect of pasteurization on quality and shelf-life of product.  The results showed that (1) blanching sugar cane in citric acid solution of 0,1% (w/v) at temperature of 95oC for 9 minutes brought sugar-cane juice a good bright yellow, unchanging flavour (2) sugar cane juice mixed with pineapple juice (3%) and adjusted the acidity using citric acid had total soluble solid content of 16% and pH equal to 4,1 ? 4,2 (3) pasteurization of sugar-cane juice packed in glass bottles and cans at temperature of 95oC obtained F-values of 4,66 and 6,52 minutes, respectively.  With above treatment conditions, the sugar-cane juice showed good quality and long shelf-life.