Tulathromycin pharmacokinetics were studied on chickens using the recommended dose of 2.5mg/kg bw. The results showed that the maximum tulathromycin concentration (Cmax) in chicken serum peaked  at  0.810 ± 0.018àg/ml, Tmax = 1 hour; t1/2 = 46.75 ? 47.34 hours; AUC (àg h/ml)=51,07 when injected intramuscularly and at  Cmax  = 0.506 ± 0.023 àg/ml; Tmax = 1hour and a half; t1/2 = 43.86 ? 44.14 hours; AUC (àg h/ml) = 30.68 when administered orally. In both intramuscular and oral administrations Tulathromycine in plasma reducing up to 96 hours was 0,198 ± 0,014 àg/ml and 0,114 ±  0,011 àg/ml,  respectively and was not detectable in plasma after 168 hours by HPLC technique.  During the whole period of study, there were no abnormal signs in chickens receiving tulathromycin at the dose of 2,5mg/kg bw, 5mg/kg bw  and 10mg/kg bw and nonsignificant difference in blood parameters after 48 and 168 hours of administration.  Using orally tulathromycin at 5mg/kg bw twice with 4 days interval reduced infected rate of MG from 100% to 47.78%  after 42 days of treatment.

This paper was studied on the classification of fungus isolated from juvenile snakehead fish (Chana striata) with fungal infection and evaluation of in vitro screening of chemicals on isolated fungi. 68 sampling fish with ucerative syndrome and fungal infection on the body and 10 fish without clinical signs were examined. The samples were collected in Dong Thap province in the period of from January to August, 2011. Wet mount observation was carried out at Department of Aquatic Biology and Pathology, CAF, CTU. The isolation was performed on incubating of sample materials at 28ºC for 4 days on GYA; the identification was based on the morphological characteristics, asexual preproductive process of fungi and using of expressed sequence tag and BLAST search. The results of this study showed that Achlya bisexualis was isolated from infected snakehead fish. The minimum inhibitory concentration of formalin and antizol was 600 and 40 ppm, respectively. The activities of formalin and antizol against to Achlya bisexualis was 800 ppm, after exposing to the chemical for 24 hours and 40 ppm, after exposing to the chemical for 1 hour, respectively.

Two hundred and ninety sera samples of non-vaccinated pigs against PRRS were examined by ELISA method, showing that the PRRSV-infected rate of pigs in Can Tho?s province  was 16.9% . The infected rate in the pigs of large-scale farms was higher than that of small farm  (64.0% and 38.12% respectively). The highest percentage of  PRRS infection was found on sows (69,57%), then piglets (33.33%)  while the lowest was detected on growing pigs (12.16%). The results of testing 194 sera samples of pigs vaccinated with 4 kinds of PRRS vaccines showed that the seroconversion rate was 59,79%. There was no significant difference in seroconversion levels after vaccination of those vaccines. The results of analysis of the risk factors in spreading PRRSV among pigherds from 2007 to 2010 in Cantho province showed that the highest risk factor were lacking or not enough times for disinfecting farms (fewer than twice a week) and introducing new piglets to the farm. Other risk factors were the distance of farms to slaughter house or live animal markets. Other factors namely use of water resource, vaccination and distance from farms to roads  were less important.

A study on efficiency of recombinant Bacillus subtilis expressed chicken interferon alpha (ChIFNa- B. subtilis) in prevention of Gumboro disease for chickens was carried out in 3 week old chickens by oral supply 100 ?g of ChIFNa- B. subtilis spores  per chicken and comparing the efficiency of standard ChIFNa with dose of 104UI/chicken. The experimented results showed that after challenging by virulent Newcastle disease virus with dose of 4x104 ELD50 per experimented chicken, the survive rate of chickens in ChIFNa- B. subtilis treatment was (79.17%) higher than that of chickens in standard ChIFNa treatment (45.83%) and than that of B. subtilis control (12.50%). Our results suggest that ChIFNa- B. subtilis could be potentially useful in the prevention of Gumboro disease in chickens.

Challenge experiment by injection of Aeromonas hydrophila strain A11-02 with 2,75x107 CFU/ml and Streptococcus sp. strain S11-01 with 2,87x107 CFU/ml and combination of two bacteria with 105-107CFU/ml was carried out with climbing perch (Anabas testudineus). Samples were collected at day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 14 post-injection for histopathological analysis. Mortality rates in the treatments of single bacteria was 25% and 45%; and those in the treatments of complex bacteria were 70%, 80% and 90% with dose from 105-107CFU/ml, respectively. Microscopic observation of fresh smear of liver, kidney and spleen from diseased specimens reviewed both gram positive cocci and gram negative rod shaped. The tissues of spleen, kidney and liver started to change at 2 days post-injection and increased necrosis after 3, 4 and 5 days in the treatments of two bacteria. The congestion and haemorrhage were observed in the tissues of fishes infected with single bacteria.

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most devastating viral diseases in shrimp and a major threat in the shrimp aquaculture industry. Currently there are no comprehensive strategies demonstrate that white spot disease can be treated. Many scientific research efforts have shown that a protein vaccine, including the envelope proteins VP28 and VP19 as a target for intervention, can be a possible treatment to protect WSSV infection.Peroral infectivity factors (PIFs) are absolutely required for oral infectivity, not only in Baculoviruses but most likely also inother large invertebrate circular double stranded ADN viruses. These PIFs could be alternative targets for immune-intervention.Recent computational investigations indicate that WSSV also has so-called per os infectivity factors.In this report,a recombinant bacterium was generated by inserting a fragment of the gene (WSSV ORF 72) encoding for a putative WSSV P74 protein in expression plasmid pET28?. Expression of a recombinant WSSV P74 protein fragment of 66 kDa was performed in E. coli. Protein expression level was optimized by various approaches to obtain the highest level for high yield protein purification. Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbit against the isolated WSSV P74 protein. These antibodies specifically reacted against a 108 kDa protein (and some other, smaller proteins), which is the size expected from a full-length P74 protein. During antibody generation,Penaeus vannamei(P. vannamei)were infected with WSSV for virus isolation. After that, antibodies will be used to detect recombinant bacterial WSSV P74 protein and used to further investigate the location of P74 on the surface of WSSV virions and for virus neutralization experiments.This result shows that P74 protein was present on WSSV. Although it still need more research to determine its location and funtion, this information also give a good starting point for further studies on an intervention strategy to control WSSV.

Skin and hair diseases in dogs caused by fungi as Aspergillus, Candida, Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton that made their beauty loss by ragged, shed of hair and Skin smelly. Furthermore, some fungi species infection in dogs can caused also skin and hair diseases in human. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and identification the strain of fungi that caused dermatitis in dogs and study the result of treatment in animal clinic at Soc Trang province. Fungi infection occurred in 295/3,370 dogs with infection rate as 8.75%). The Fungi infection rate in dog were depended on age, the highest rate (46.33%) was in dog under one year old, next in dogs from 1 to 3 years old (36.66%), lowest in dogs upper 3 years old (15.33%). The infection rate in long hair dogs (65.08%) were higher than in short ones (34.92%). Seven species were identified such as Aspergillus (80.34%), Candida (71.18%), Trichophyton (48.47%), Mucor (48.13%), Penicillium (43.73%), Microsporum (33.36%), Epidermophyton (5.76%). Fifteen strains were identified in 6/7 species as Trychophyton (4 strains), Aspergillus (3 strains), Penicillium (3 strains), Microsporum (3 strains) Candida (1 strain)), Epidermophyton (1 strain). Mixed infection rate with 2 to 7 species were 96.61% which 93 styles one. The result of trial on 30 dogs for 3 treatments showed all recovered after 4 ? 6 weeks. Third treatment with Itraconazol 30 mg/kg in oral and Terbinafine in skin applied had good result  with 40% recovered after 1 week and 100% recovered after 4 weeks.

Diseased specimens that have a symptom as popeye and skin haemorrhage were collected at a farm practicing intensive cage culture of red tilapia in Tien Giang province. Microscopic observation of fresh smear of blood and kidney from these specimens revealed small cocci, gram positive bacterial cells. Bacteria isolates from brain and head kidney were recovered on brain heart agar and were analyzed as Gram positive, non-motile and oxidase negative and they were identified as Streptococus agalactiae biotype 2 using a combination of conventional biochemical tests, API 20 strep system and slide agllutination method. Challenge experiments using injection method showed that they can cause the observed disease signs with the LD50 value of about 4,89 x 104 CFU/ml. Histopathological examination of diseased specimens showed a typical sign of bacterial necrosis in kidney, spleen and liver. It is the first report of S. agalactiae biotype 2 outbreak in tilapia in Vietnam. 

Bacterium Flavobacterium columnare was recovered and identified as the aetiological agent causing white patch diseasein farmed catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fingerlings, suffering from high mortality rates within commercial hatchery and ponds in the Mekong Delta.White patch disease on freshwater catfish show clinical signs such as: decreasing mucus, white patch on the sadblack, eroded fins and greyish white gills. Observing wet samples under microscope, this bacterium was gliding motility. The bacteria were isolated on Cytophaga agar. Isolates on the agar produced yellow-pale colonies, flat that rhizoid edges after 48h at 28oC. Biochemical characterization with its absorption of Congo red dye, production of flexrubin-type pigments long filamentous, negative Gram, gelatin hydrolysis, reducing nitrate, no product acid from carboxylases, negative with urea.An experimental immersion challenge study was performed and fulfilled Kochs postulates with LD50values of 1.7 x 105cfu per ml and 3.2 x 106cfu per ml for isolates FC-HN and FC-CT, respectively.Histological examination with two Haematocylin & Eosin and Giemsa staining, were found numerous long filamentous bacteria on/in skin-muscular, gills and liver tissues. Using sevenantibioticsforsusceptibility testing on thrity isolates thatwas included in the study.To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of freshwater columnaris infection in P. hypophthalmus.

A study on isolation and antibiotic sensitivity determination of Clostridium botulinum from scavenging ducks and environment in Vinh thanh, Co do and Thoi lai districts was carried out from January 2009 to September 2011. The results showed that Clostridium botulinum was found from 14,77% (52/252) duck gut samples and 27,71% (27/105) of  mud samples from ponds and canals. Rate of isolation of Clostridium botulinum from ducks and mud was highest in Codo (21,05%), followed by that in Thoilai (16,67%) and lowest in Vinhthanh district (12,20%). Clostridium botulinum was isolated from 43, 66% (31/71) of sick ducks and from 7,47% (21/281)of healthy ducks, with statistically significant difference (P

An investigation on Newcastle disease status in scavenging chickens was carried out by clinical observations, necropsy findings, haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test from 47 outbreaks in Hau Giang province in 2011. The results showed that there were 23 Newcastle disease outbreaks from 35 suspected outbreaks. The mortality of Newcastle disease chickens was (20.02%) higher than that of chickens involved with other diseases (18.09%). The highest infection flock rate was reported in chickens from 17 to 30 days of age (75.00%), followed by 31 to 45 day old chickens (61.54%) and chickens older than 45 days of age (34.62%).  Outbreaks mostly happened in unvaccinated chicken flocks (75.00%), followed by flocks with one vaccination (62.50%) and flocks with 2 vaccinations (42.85%).  There was no significant difference between the infection flock rates of chicken breeds.

Khảo sát 266 mẫu cá tra giống và thương phẩm được thực hiện ở Cồn Khương và Thốt Nốt, Cần Thơ trong thời gian từ tháng 2 đến tháng 4 năm 2012. Mẫu cá được quan sát dấu hiệu bệnh lý, soi mẫu tươi kiểm tra bào nang ký sinh trùng. Kết quả cho thấy có 2 nhóm ký sinh trùng là Myxozoa (gồm Myxobolus, Henneguya) và Microsporidia tạo ra những bào nang màu trắng sữa có đường kính dao động từ 0,5-3 mm ký sinh trong mang, màng treo ruột, ruột, thận, túi mật và cơ của cá. Bào nang ký sinh trong cơ cá có chứa Myxobolus và Microsporidia, trong khi đó bào nang ở các cơ quan khác chỉ chứa Myxobolus hoặc Henneguya. Ngoài ra, một số trường hợp bào nang nhiễm ở màng treo ruột không thấy xuất hiện bất kỳ nhóm ký sinh trùng nào. Tỉ lệ nhiễm bào nang trên cá giống 72,34%, cá thịt 92,30%. Số lượng bào nang nhiễm phụ thuộc vào giống Henneguya, myxobolus, Microsporedia và cơ quan ký sinh, bào nang nhiễm ở cá thịt nhiều hơn cá giống. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy có sự khác biệt số lượng bào nang nhiễm ở các cơ quan: mang (1-45 bào nang/cung mang); màng treo ruột (4-25 bào nang); ruột (1-5 bào nang); thận (1-2 bào nang); túi mật (1-3 bào nang); cơ (1-181 bào nang/cá). Hầu hết các mẫu cá có dấu hiệu xuất huyết, phù đầu hoặc vàng da thường có số lượng bào nang nhiễm nhiều hơn mẫu cá khỏe.

Objectives of the current study aimed at determining the effects of housing temperature and humidity factors on health of Ross 308 broilers as well as finding approach aĐọc ngữ âm aaantibiotics for treating E. coli infected chicks. It indicated that temperature and humidity higher than the standard recommendation do directly or indirectly affect health expressed through high rates of diarrheal disease (32.5-37.8%), respiratory disease (22.4-40%) and death (4.45 to 7.84%) in chicks. Most of diarrheal symptoms were cause of E. coli infection (74-87%), which was highest within 0-2 weeks old (87%), then gradually decreased within 2-4 weeks old (74%) and reincreased within 4-6 weeks of age (81%). Successful aĐọc ngữ âm aaantibiotics in treating E.coli were Ceftriaxone (97.73%), Cefotaxime (95.45%), Colistin (93.18%), Amoxicillin/ Clavulanic acid (81.82%) and Cephalexin (72.73%). Thus, temperature and humidity should be controlled closely and stably to enhance economic efficiency in Ross 308 broiler production.

Study on The circulation of FMDV (Foot and mouth disease virus) in pigs of Dong Thap province was carried out from March to October, 2011 at Chau Thanh, Cao Lanh and Tam Nong districts. 24 serum samples of unvaccinated pigs for each district, that noticed on age and production scale, were collected to determine the circulation of FMDV. The Elisa test with the kit PriCHECKđ FMDV NS 3ABC from Germany was used for detection of antibody against FMDV. Use the kit Elisa Pirbright-UK for detection FMDV in infected and swab samples. Results showed that there was 16/72 serological samples of unvaccinated pigs were positive with FMDV type O (22.22%). All of positive samples come from pigs of Chau Thanh districts (16/24 samples, 66.67%). Pig production scale from 50-100 heads had positive rate of 66.67% that was higher than smaller scale. 6/6 suspect samples and 1/6 swab sample were positive with FMDV type O.

Six bacterial isolates from diseased rice eels (Monopterus albus) that displayed a symptom of hemorrhagic septicemia were identified as Aeromonas hydrophila. These bacterial isolates have round, convex, cream coloured and 2-3 mm diameter colonies on tryptic soya agar plate after 24 hours incubating at 28°C. They are Gram negative, short rod, motile, oxidase and catalase positive, fermentation and oxidation of glucose. All isolates were positive arginine dihydrolase and lysine decarboxylase reactions but negative with ornithine decarboxylase. They produce gelatinase and indole but urease, utilize glucose and manitol but inositol, sorbitol, rhamnose and arabinose, all isolates resistant to O/129 compound. Experimental infection (107 CFU/eel) showed that studied strain can cause hemorrhagic septicemia in healthy rice eels as those in natural infection.

The Mekong river delta, Viet Nam has a great potential for shrimp farming and it is developing very rapidly. However, disease has been a serious threat to shrimp production and sustainable development of shrimp farming in the area. White spot and yellow head diseases are two viral diseases that have been considered as dangerous diseases for shrimp culture since the nineties-> the 90s. Recently, acute hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome which cause is unknown has caused a serious loss for farming of both black tiger and white leg shrimp. Besides, white feaces disease in black tiger shrimp and white muscle in giant fresh water prawn have also caused significant lose to farmers in the delta. 

The Clostridium botulinum bacteria were investigated for their virulence and pathogenicity by first isolating the bacteria from mud and intestines of diseased ducks and culturing them in MCMM culture for 5 days incubation period in anaerobic condition for toxin production and then inoculating supernatant of  C. botulinum broth to mice and ducks. The results showed that 100% mice were killed when injecting intraperitonealy 1ml of 10% heat-untreated C. botulinum culture supernatant while all mice injected by heat-treated C. botulinum culture were alive. Seventy per cent of ducks were killed by intravenous injection of C. botulinum broth supernatant  with a dose of 5ml/ducks, and 100% ducks were death when injected with a dose of 10ml/ducks. The most common clinical signs were wing droop and reluctant to move (100%), followed by leg, neck and eye lid paralysis(80%). No typical lesion was found, except hemorrhage in the hearts and the lungs were observed from 15% and 10% of the experimental death ducks, respectively.

Four bacterial isolates from diseased climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) that displayed a symptom of hemorrhagic septicemia were identified as Streptococcus agalactiae. These bacterial isolates have round, convex, cream coloured and about 1mm diameter colonies on brain heart infusion agar plate after 24 hours incubating at 30°C. They are Gram positive, coccus, non-motile, oxidase and catalase negative as well as negative with fermentation and oxidation of glucose. All isolates gave positive reaction with voges-proskauer, hippurate, ?-glucuronidase, alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase but negative with the remaining tests. Result of slide agglutination test with Strep-B-Latex kit indicated that all tested strains are S. agalactiae biotype 2. Experimental infection (107 CFU/fish) showed that studied strain can cause hemorrhagic septicemia in healthy climbing perch as those in natural infection.

Investigating the genetic variability among natural WSSV populations is a novel approach to understand the epidemiologic characteristics of this virus. We characterized the number of repeat units (RUs) located in the variable number of tandem repeat regions (VNTRs) of ORF75, ORF94 and ORF125 (WSSV-TH strain; van Hulten et al., 2001) from 326 WSSV-DNA samples collected from 29 improved-extensive shrimp ponds. The results showed that: (i) there are 16 genotypes determined in ORF94, ranging from 3 to 18 repeat units (RUs). In which, the 10RUs (20,6%) and 11RUs (19,8%) were the most common genotypes; (ii) In ORF125, there are 14 genotypes, ranging from 3 to 17RUs. The most common genotype was 7RUs (24,9%); (iii) the compound repeat region of ORF75 displayed 10 different patterns of repeat. The pattern with 500bp was the most prevalence (51%). In the study, the obtained results suggest that different WSSV genotypes exist in the improved-extensive shrimp farming system. Tandem repeat sequence in ORF94, followed by ORF125 and ORF75 could be used to discriminate WSSV isolates in improved extensive systems.

A study on efficiency of Newcastle disease vaccines and administration routes in prevention of Newcastle disease (ND) was carried out in chickens by determination of antibody response of chickens after vaccination by heamagglutination inhibition test. The experimental results in chicks showed that chicks supplied by Lasota vaccine produced anti-ND antibody more promptly than chicks supplied by F vaccine. Lasota vaccine triggered a quick antibody response and protectivable geometric mean titer (GMT) after 2 weeks of vaccination, GMT of chickens vaccinated by eye dropping was higher than that of chickens vaccinated by oral route. The experimental results in older chicken (>60days) with M vaccine showed that anti-ND antibody titer of chickens supplied by muscular injection was higher than that by subcutanous injection.

The results of fresh smear of hepatopancreatic tissue stained with 0.1% malachite green showed that 3 in total 11 samples of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) postlarvae were positive with Monodon baculovirus (MBV) produced occlusion bodies in hepatopacreatic cell and stained green of malachite green. Positive samples were checked by histopathological method and all samples displayed occlusion bodies in hepatopacreatic cell but normal structure in gill, hematopoietic organ, nerve cord, muscle and epithetic cell of gut. One MBV infected sample showed two early stages of disease, infected cells of first stage were enlarged nuclei and marginated chromatin, while infected cell of second stage were formed eosinophilic occlusions. The results suggested that MBV can be found in giant fresh-water prawn fingerling in Đong Thap province of the Mekong river delta; and may directly effect to structure of hepatopacreatic cell by forming one or some occlusion bodies.

In order to evaluate infected situation and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella spp isolated from duck farms in Cantho city, Vietnam, an investigation was carried out on 389 samples from intestine, faeces, feed and duckpond water collected from 270 duck farms in the city. Results indicated that overall infected rate of Salmonella spp in duck was 27.0% and in environmental materials was 9.2%, of which infected rate of serovar Enteritidis and Typhimurium was 5.95% and 19.05 % respectively. Salmonella isolates in this study were resistant to almost popularly used antibiotics, except marbofloxacine, oxytetracycline, fosfomycine, amikacine and mixture of doxycycline+neomycine.

Sensitivity of Edwardsiella ictaluri bacteria to Erythromycin thiocyanate antibiotic was determined by using dics diffusion method. The result showed that, all 5 tested strain were highly sensitive with tested antibiotic. Experimental treatment in the laboratory condition was carried out by injection of E. ictaluri bacteria into healthy striped catfish at infectious dose 50. The treatment was done for 5 days continuously with pellet feed supplemented with Erythromycin Thiocyanate (60mg/kg body weight) after 48 hours post injection. After 14 days, survival rate in the treatment group was 62.9% where as survival rate in the non-treatment group was 33.7%. The RPS (%) value was 43.99 %. Results of field trial showed that, the survival rate of experimental fish in the group feeding with antibiotic at date 10th of the experiment was 32.8% higher than in the group feeding with no antibiotic.

The model of management and prevention common diseases in beef cattle was carried out at households that raising cattle in Khanh Hoa commune, Chau Phu district, An Giang province.  The basis of model construction was based on the results from survey on cattle diseases and disease control applied in the households. In addition, the research was also a trial practice of model in six months which including testing internal parasite and recognising the presence of antibodies from cattles infected by pasteurella. Survey results showed that the mainly preventive method was using mosquitoses net and bathing cattle everyday (80/80 households); then supplying enough feed, and building cattle?s house in airy areas; hygiening the cowsheds (64 households) and vaccination (57/80 households). While only few households implemented other methods as deworming (15/80), hygiening manger (17/80), using compost pit (21/80). The results from sample test before trial period showed that the rate of cattle infected with intestinal parasites was high (88.39%), and the presence of pasteurella antibodies was in 13 cattle. However, after six months of trial time, the ratio of catlle that had cleanly parasites was significantly different but serum immunity rate in two group of cattle was not. These results suggested that, controling closely and implementing overally the breed, feed, housing, hygiene and disease prevention would made the effective prevention of cattle disease.