Công nghệ tách ion điện dung (CDI) trong xử lý nước thải: Cơ chế, ứng dụng và triển vọng phát triển
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Abstract
Water is an essential resource for life and sustainable human development. Increasing water pollution and freshwater scarcity have become serious global challenges. In this context, capacitive deionization (CDI) technology has been attracting growing attention due to its outstanding advantages, including low energy consumption, high treatment efficiency, reasonable cost, environmental friendliness, and the reusability of electrode materials. This article provides a systematic overview of the operating principles, system configurations, electrode materials, and key applications of CDI technology—not only in desalination but also in the removal of heavy metals, organic compounds, nutrients, and microorganisms. The paper also analyzes current opportunities and challenges, while proposing future research directions to expand the application of CDI in water treatment in Vietnam.
Tóm tắt
Nước là tài nguyên thiết yếu đối với sự sống và sự phát triển bền vững của con người. Tình trạng ô nhiễm nguồn nước và khan hiếm nước ngọt ngày càng trở thành những thách thức nghiêm trọng trên toàn cầu. Trong bối cảnh đó, công nghệ tách ion điện dung (CDI) đã và đang thu hút sự quan tâm nhờ các ưu điểm nổi bật như tiêu thụ năng lượng thấp, hiệu quả xử lý cao, chi phí hợp lý, thân thiện với môi trường và khả năng tái sử dụng của vật liệu điện cực. Bài báo này được thực hiện nhằm trình bày tổng quan có hệ thống về nguyên lý hoạt động, cấu hình, vật liệu điện cực, và các ứng dụng nổi bật của công nghệ CDI, không chỉ trong khử muối mà còn trong loại bỏ kim loại nặng, hợp chất hữu cơ, chất dinh dưỡng và vi sinh vật. Trong nghiên cứu, việc phân tích cơ hội và thách thức đã được tiến hành, đồng thời các định hướng nghiên cứu tiếp theo cũng đã được đề xuất nhằm mở rộng ứng dụng công nghệ CDI trong xử lý nước tại Việt Nam.
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