To observe the virulence and the pathogenicity of duck hepatitis virus type I genotype 3 which was isolated in some provinces in the Mekongdelta region, 3-day-old ducklings were employed. The virus strain showed a high virulence on ducklings with 103,3LD50/0,5ml. After 1 day inoculation, the virus was able to cause the experimented ducklings dead. The ducklings were ill and dead during 5 days after virus challenge. The mortality rate in challenged ducklings was the highest by the third day and the fourth day of injection. Furthermore, the experimented ducklings typically appeared signs of duck viral hepatitis, such as lethargic depression, watery diarrhea with urates, spasmodic paddling of legs, and followed by opisthotonus and death. In dead ducklings, gross lesions were recorded to be enlarged livers with ecchymotic hemorrhages or reddish discoloration (100.00%), swollen bile ducts (73.30%), enlargement of spleens (63.30%). Additionally, hemorrhages in lungs, gizzards, proventriculus, wollen kidneys and discolored heart muscles were other signs which also found in the dead ducklings. During the experiment, the mortality rate was determined to be 56.0%.

Using bio-fertilizers has recently been noticeable due to their effects on promoting productivity, improving the quality of agricultural products as well as their environmental friendliness. In this study, all of 116 strains of salt tolerant bacteria were isolated in Burk medium added 10‰ of salt. They were capable of synthesizing ammonium () and indole acetic acid (IAA). Among them, PL2 and PL9 were able to fix nitrogen (3,73 µg/mL and 2,71 µg/mL) and synthesize IAA (45,31 µg/mL and 46,46 µg/mL) relatively.  Based on the 16S rDNA identification, PL2 and PL9 were recognized to be Bacillus megaterium and Bukholderia cenocepacia, respectively.

Kombucha tea is fermented by a symbiotic microorganism of yeasts and bacteria in the sweetened tea drinks (Chakravorty et al., 2016). This study is aimed to isolate, homogenize, identify and select the symbiotic microorganism of yeasts, acetic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria in the Kombucha tea fermentation to improve the glucuronic acid content. The glucuronic acid plays an important role in the detoxification of liver in humans and animals. The results after completing this study were found 4 yeast species, 2 acetic acid bacteria species and 1 lactic acid bacteria species from the traditional Kombucha membranes. In addition, the arrangement of symbiotic microorganism with different species of yeast, acetic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria will affect the growth and development of the symbiotic systems, change in Brix and pH levels, the glucuronic acid content of the Kombucha tea after fermentation. In particular, the symbiotic microorganisms of Kombucha tea fermentation which are achieved the highest glucuronic acid content at 178,11 mg/L, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Komagataeibacter nataicola and Lactobacillus acidophilus

This study is aimed to use bromelain enzyme obtained from pineapple waste in milk clotting process to produce pandanus probiotic cheese. The results showed that suitable bromelain’s concentration to clot milk is 0.025 g/mL at 70oC, 30 minutes; calcium chloride concentration is 0.25 g/L, padanus extract is 3 mL/35g clotting milk. Adding Lactobacillus casei with density of 109 CFU/mL, 0.5% (v/v) were observed to be effective in maintaining probiotic concentration after 14 day storage. The yield of clotting process is 16.2%. The moisture, protein and lipid content of Pandanus probiotic cheese is 56.2% (w/w); 6.2% (w/w) and 25.2% (w/w), respectively. The probiotic cheese with proper fat content and novel flavour may contribute to the diversity of cheese market.

The study was carried out on the basis of isolation and selection of high fermented yeast from Canarium album fruit in An Giang, Dong Thap, Vinh Long, Can Tho, Hau Giang, Soc Trang (Vietnam) and Kandal (Cambodia). The research results showed that 50 yeast strains were isolated from Canarium album fruit. Based on the shape of cell and biochemical characteristics, they were divied into 6 groups: spherical, small spherical, oval, small oval, elliptical, and pointed elliptical. The isolated yeast strain from Canarium album fruit in Binh Minh (Vinh Long) (R2B) which had the best fermented activity was selected. The highest ethanol content (7,44% v/v) and low apparent refractometer Brix (ARB) (10,8oBrix) were obtained after 10 days of fermentation with initial parameters: 20oBrix, pH 3,5 and 106cell/mL of yeast cell density. The results of DNA sequencing have identified the yeast strain R2B being belong to Saccharomycetaceae family.

In this study, panellists were trained to evaluate various attributes of the combined Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng-passion (MCSP) fruit juice. The weight of passion fruit juice was ranged from 50 to 200 g (MCS weight of 150 g) and dilution ratio of MCSP juice with water (1:8 to 1:15). Principal component analysis (PCA) identified two significant principal components that accounted for 80.43% of the variance in the sensory attribute data. PCA indicated that the important sensory attribute of the MCSP juice primarily corresponded to taste, color and consistency. Overall acceptibility of product was modelled by logistic regression analysis (LRA) as a function of passion fruit juice concentration and dilution ratio of water. There was a statistically significant relationship between the variables (P

Characterization of endogenous protease from head meat of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was investigated. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of temperature (30 ÷ 80°C) and pH (5 ÷ 11) on the protease enzyme activity. Protease activity have been optimized with 2 factors temperature and pH including 11 experimental units. Besides, the thermal stability of protease was evaluated at different temperatures (30 ÷ 80°C) for 60 minutes and kinetic parameters such as Km, Vmax of intrinsic protease enzymes also were surveyed. The results showed that the highest activitiy for maximum protease production was found at temperature of 60oC and pH 7.0. Results of optimization protease activity is based on two factors temperature and pH at 54.40°C and pH = 6.96. The enzymes were found to be stable at 55oC and enzyme activity increased with an increasing substrate concentration of shrimp head meat from 0÷0.6 (g/mL), reaching Vmax value of 11.70 U/min and Kmvalue of 0.0795 g/mL.

This study aimed at identifying pathogens contaminating seeds of rice cv. IR 50404 to serve as a basis for effective control of seed-transmitted diseases in Hậu Giang Province. A total of 28 seed samples were collected from seven main rice-cultivation areas of Hau Giang, i.e., Chau Thanh A, Phung Hiep, Vi Thuy, Long My, Nga Bay, Long My Town and Vi Thanh. Seven fungal pathogens were identified based on their morphological characterization using the blotter method. They included Sarocladium oryzae, Fusarium moniliforme, Alternaria padwickii, Bipolaris oryzae, Curvularia spp., Aspergillus sp. and Mucor sp.. However, the bacterial pathogens from IR 50404 seeds specimens were not detected.

In this study, fruit and leaf characteristics were used to examine the similarities and differences between 12 selected marian plum line/varieties selected from 44 surveyed gardens. Based on the results, ten random decamer primers out of the 15 tested were applied to assess the genetic diversity of 12 marian plum accessions. The leave phenotyping and genotyping results showed that 12 accessions were grouped into four major clusters. In total, 214 bands were amplified using 10 ISSR markers. Of 214 bands, 202 bands accounted for 95.29% were polymorphic. The PICAv values ranged from 0.26 to 0.37, and indicated an average level of polymorphism in the selected population. Based on the UPGMA analysis, 12 accessions were grouped into four main clusters with the ratio of coefficient similarity between 0.48 to 0.80 with the arithmetic mean of 0.65. Collectively, this report revealed that the 12 selected lines were valuable genetic resources for complementary conservation and breeding strategies of marian plum in the future.

This study was conducted to confirm properly rearing density and types of feed that Channa gachua larvae had high growth rate and survival. Experiment 1st:  fry fish were reared with three stocking density treatments (3 inds/L, 5 inds/L and 7 inds/L) in cisterns of 20 L. Experiment 2nd: fry fish were fed with three types of food (Moina-tubifex, Moina-small shrimp and Moina-commercial feed). All treatments were triplicates. The time of rearing was 28 days. The result showed that the density of 5 to 7 fishes/L got more efficiency on survival rate, length and weight gain. The fry fish fed Moina-tubifex showed a significantly (p

The study aimed to evaluate the management and treatment status of derived wastes from whiteleg shrimp culture ponds in Soc Trang, Bac Lieu and Ca Mau provinces. Thirty small-scale farming households in each studied location were randomly selected for a questionnaire-based survey. There was an average of 35.7% used chlorine to treat wastewater at the end of farming seasons. The number of households treating wastewater prior discharging into the environment were 8/30 in Soc Trang, 4/30 in Bac Lieu and as many as 10/30 in Ca Mau. The remaining households discharged directly untreated-water into the environment. The number of households collecting sediment to designated areas were 6/30 in Soc Trang, 1/30 in Bac Lieu and as many as 23/30 in Ca Mau, whereas the remaining households simply placed sediment on dyke systems. The results suggested that the farmers of intensive whiteleg shrimp culture in Ca Mau had higher concern on managing and treating wastes than those in Soc Trang and Bac Lieu provinces.

This study was performed to evaluate the influence of copepod densities on the survival and growth of Artemia at different salinities. Two studies were carried out on Artemia franciscana and copepoda (Cyclops vicinus) including a mono-culture at salinities (30‰, 50‰ and 70‰) used as control and a combine-culture with three factors: factor 1 with three stages of Artemia at day after hatching (DAH)1, DAH2 and DAH3, factor 2 with copepod densities at 50, 100 and 200 ind./L, and factor 3 with two salinities at 30‰, 50‰. Artemia were reared in 1.5 L conical plastic bottle containing 1 L of sea-water and 150 Artemia nauplii.  The result at day 5th of culturing showed that three factors (salinity, age and density of copepod) affected on survival of both Artemia and copepoda population. The survival of Artemia was zero in the the combine-culture at 30 ‰ despite of copepod densities, but at salinity of 50 ‰, the lower copepoda presence, the higher survival of Artemia was obtained in the culture

Study were 3 treatments (NT) with different stocking densities: 0.5 kg/ m3; 1 kg/m3 and 1.5 kg/ m3. After 5 months, the results have showed that temperature, pH and oxygen in the culture pond were always within acceptable range for sexual maturation stage. Maturity coefficient ratio for females in NT3: 1.5 kg / m3 (4.31%) was significantly different (p

Survey on cultured oyster species, technical and economic aspects of oyster farming system in Ben Tre province was conducted from June 2016 to January 2017. The survey was based on the answer sheet of farmers about culture techniques and economic efficiency of culture systems. After collecting from farming systems, oyster samples were kept alive and transported to the laboratory at Can Tho University to collect the data such as the length, width, total weight, tissues weight and dry meat weight after drying. The result of genetic analysis confirmed that oyster species Crassostrea belcheri has been cultured in Ben Tre province. In cultured areas, fibro-ciment plates were utilized to collect oyster spat for growing.  After 17.0 months of culture, the survival rate reached 69.6 ± 14.6% and the average yield was 3560 ± 1440 kg/100 m2 /crop. Total production cost was 30.95 ± 7.58 million VND with the benefit of 42.74 ± 22.44 million VND/100m2 of culture system/crop, and the cost benefit ratio was 1.34 ± 0.61 time. Several advantages and disadvantages of oyster farming system from Ben Tre province were analysed and the recommendations were suggested in order to maintain the sustainable culture situation for this species.

In this study, the growth of Chaetoceros calcitrans under different light colors was assessed. The experiment consisted of 4 treatments with 3 replicates in which Chaetoceros calcitrans was cultured by using white, red, blue and the combination of red and blue light in ratio of 1:1 with light intensity was adjusted to 3000 lux. All treatments were set up in 8-L glass jars at salinity of 25 ‰, and initial density of 2×106 cell/mL. Result of experiment showed that the density of C. calcitrans cultured in combination light (16,06±0,19×106 cell/mL) was significantly higher (p0,05) but carotenoid concentration of treatment using combination light (275 µg/L) was higher than that of treatment using red light (193 µg/L) and this difference was significant (p

Artemia fraciscana Vinh Chau were fed on Artemia formulated feed (30% protein content) plus Spirulina powder at 0%, 3%, 6%, 9% of main feeding diets, correspondingly with four treatments. The obtained results showed that Spirulina addition played a clear effect on survival, growth as well as reproduction of Artemia. Those treatments with Spirulina addition performed better than non-addition treatment after two cultured weeks, especially 9% added Spirulina treatment gave highest survival and growth and these results were significantly difference with other treatments (p

The objective of the study is to test the existence of liquidity risk premium in the new context of Vietnam's stock market. The data was collected from the stock market in Ho Chi Minh City (HOSE) from 01/01/2012 to 10/10/2016. Based on the measurement of Amihud illiquidity, the study classified stocks into 9 portfolios which have equal stock number. The pricing model was tested on both the unconditional market and up- and down-markets. The research results are basically consistent with empirical studies in the stock market of other countries. Research results help managers and investors have more up-to-date insights into Vietnam's stock market to improve management and investment efficiency.

The paper aimed to evaluate the development of the textile supporting industry at Cantho city via supply and demand analyses of textile products. Based on a sample of thirty-seven textile enterprises and small companies at Ninh kieu, Binh Thuy, Cai Rang districts and using statistical descriptive analyses with 5-scale Likert, the results showed that there were constraints in supply of supporting textile products. It also revealed that the supporting textile industry was not seperately to the textile industry. That was, the textile supporting industry was not existed yet. The textile technology was still dependent on outsiders at the low technology level. The degree of afford on the supply and technology requirement of textile supporting products were evaluated at frequent and high level respectively. Besides, paper proposed policy recommendations to push the development of the textile supporting industry such as development of regional cooperation, technology reforms, training, credit support, and private sector development.

This research is aimed at identifying all types of wastes existed in the divisions of Can Tho University and then proposing an action plan to save costs and improve working efficiency in these divisions.  Expert interviews and a survery of 93 staff members were conducted. The results indentified 10 types of wastes existing in these units including wastes of facilities and equipment, waste of labor, waste of not harnessing the creativity of staff members, waste of time, waste of defects, waste of transport, waste of motion, waste of information disconnection, waste of extra activity and waste of extra input. Based on these results, an action plan with the application of 5S model of lean manufacturing to tackle tangible wastes (such as facilities and equipment) was proposed to remove existing wastes in these divisions. Some solutions on personnel and training were also proposed to support the implementation of the action plan.

The paper firstly outlines overview of investment and usage of machines of the enterprises specializing in agriculture in Ben Tre province. More important thing, the factor of applying advance of science and technology that affected the result in business activity of those enterprises has been measured as the second objective. The empirical results indicate that the ratio of machine value to total capital is rather low. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the usage of machine of the enterprises is not effective. Related to factors that make effects on the result in business activity of the enterprises, the study results show that there are four factors that significantly and statistically affected such as total revenues, capital of applying advance of science and technology, type of enterprises and open market.        

Trade credit in purchasing of agricultural materials by shrimp households was a type of informal credit that was common in recent years. However, the access of shrimp households to delayed payments has been still constrained. This study is aimed at analyzing the determinants of the access to delayed payments and the amount of delayed payments in purchasing the agricultural materials by shrimp households in Kien Giang province. The research data were collected directly from a survey of 313 shrimp households in Kien Giang province in December 2015. The result of Probit model showed that the determinants of the delayed payments are the value of agricultural land; the relationship between the household and the agent; the distance from the household to the agent; the number of agents in the local areas; average income and amount of loan of formal credit. In addition, the results of Tobit model showed that the amount of delayed payments by shrimp farming households in Kien Giang province depends on determinants such as value of agricultural land; the distance from the household to the agent; the number of agents in the local; the relationship between the households and the agent; the amount of loan of formal credit and the householders’ experience in shrimp farming.

In this study, structural equation modeling was employed to identify factors affecting demand of distance learning. Research data were collected from 393 people who have demand of distance learning in the Mekong Delta. The research result indicated that the factors of job opportunities (promotion in work) and the flexibility of applying information technology in teaching have the strong impact on the demand of distance learning.

The main purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) on consumer’s purchase intention with the mediator role of information usefulness and information adoption from the both perspective of customers and messages. For this purpose, a conceptual model was developed based on the integration of Information Adoption Model (IAM) and Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). The study had collected time-lagged data by conducting two cross sectional surveys in Can Tho City. SEM analysis with 355 respondents confirms that Attitude toward information, Need of information, Information Credibility, Information Usefulness, and Information adoption are key elements that impact consumer’s purchase intention in context of social network environment. Finally, academic, practical implication and suggestions for future research are also dicussed.

The study was conducted to identify the consumers’ purchasing intention of private-label brands as shopping at two supermarkets in Can Tho City, namely Big C and Co.opMart. Research’s data was collected from 200 customers shopping at the two mentioned supermarkets through quota sampling method. Discriminant analysis of this study reveals that the group of factors, including the perceived value for money of private-label brand, the perceived price of private-label brand, the promotion of private-label brand, the identification of private-label brand, the quality of supermarket service and family income affect consumers’ purchasing intention of private-label brands. The study is expected to give practical results to retail supermarkets for supporting them to find the right direction on the path of leading private-label brands into Can Tho city market.

The main objective of this study was to propose a structural model to measure attributes of a tourism destination competitiveness. Although many destination measurement models have been developed by tourism researchers, there is not a scale that fits all destinations as well as their differences or lack of consistency. In addition, due to the diversity and abundance of destinations, a model applied at a tourist destination can not promise an appropriate outcome when applied it to another tourist destination. This article is intended to provide an appropriate conceptual framework related to the tourism destination measurement indicators before the actual survey is conducted. The structural model for measuring destination competitiveness of Bac Lieu tourism destination was developed by inheriting documents on theoretical models and empirical studies. This is the case study case applied to the Bac Lieu tourism destination.

This study is aimed to determine factors affecting households' livelihood satisfaction after land acquisition for industrial zone construction in Vinh Long province. The study was conducted with a sample of 180 observations. The participants were households with land acquisition receiving compensation for 2 - 3 years or over. The study results showed that factors influencing households' livelihood satisfaction after land acquisition include five major factors, i.e. living environment, employment and income, local government, land acquisition and public services, together with two minor ones, i.e. householder's age and education. Of which, three factors including employment and income, public services and land acquisition have strong impacts on the level of households' livelihood satisfaction. From the results, five solutions were proposed to improve income and stabilize residents' livelihood after land acquisition for industrial zone construction in Vinh Long province.

The study was conducted to assess the potentialities for developing fruit orchards in Tinh Bien district with the specific objectives: identifying tourists' preferences; analyzing and finding solutions that combine fruit orchards with tourism to create a good impression and to attract tourists. The study is based on an interview of 68 fruit farmers in 4 communes having largest areas of ​​fruit trees as well as the potentiality for tourism development and tourist services in Nui Cam mountain. The study showed that the production of locally special fruits such as Hoa Loc mango, Thanh Ca mango, Baccaurea ramiflora and guanabana have high economic performace. In terms of demand, tourists express their preferences for mangosteen, baccauria and star apple. The tourists also prefer activities such as self-picking fruits in the garden, listening to spiritual stories and enjoying fruits on-site and they are willing to pay 66,006, 40,189 and 25,698 VND, respectively, to enjoy these activities. In summary, the establishment and development of the orchard associated with tourism is one of the possible directions in the coming time.

The study applied “Value chain links”, the approach of GTZ Eschborn. The non-probability sampling method was used with total sample of 143 (96 cattle keeper, 6 collectors, 5 slaughter houses, 6 wholesalers, 15 retailers and 15 consumers). The research results indicated that: the beef industry value chain of Soc Trang province consisted of 6 functions including: input supply, production, collection, processing, trade and consumption. The chain actors consisted of input suppliers, cattle keeper, collectors, slaughters, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. Four main market channels in the Soc Trang’s beef value chain were domestic. In analyzing of revenue and profit in whole chain, the profit of beef cattle production farmers was highest, accounted for 69.6%, followed by slaughters accounted for 11.2%, collectors accounted for 10.0%, retailers for 6.4% and wholesalers accounted for 2.8%. However, in consideration about profit/actor within whole chain, the slaughters obtained highest profit, made up 80%, followed by wholesalers (11.6%), collectors (4.3%), retailers (3.5%) and the farmers had lowest place due to different scales. The prioritized solutions for upgrading beef value chain in Soc Trang were proposed: (i) increasing the beef herd by supporting capitals and enhancing technical capacity for farmers; (ii) building farmers’ capacity in accessing marketing information; and (iii) standardizing poor-quality processing technique or developing new slaughters to meet the requirements when scaling up.

Complaint behavior plays a vital role in maintaining customer loyalty in telecom service industry. It helps to reveal customer’s experience about service failure and provide information to control these problems. Prior scholars have proved a significant role of customer satisfaction as a mediator for complaint intentions. Thus, it is necessary to explore antecedents of customer satisfaction and its impact on complaint intention. This study expands the Justice theory by adding another independent variable – Trust to examine complaint intention of customers. A cross sectional survey was conducted with 954 respondents among the customers of Mobifone, Vinaphone and Viettel in the Mekong Delta. The findings from data analysis through testing a structural equation model point out that justice components and trust have positive impact on customer satisfaction and, in turn, on complaint intention. Finally, research results suppose that mobile operators in the Mekong Delta need to pay attention to pricing strategies, build trust with customers, and handle service failures.

The King Le Thanh Tong's dynasty achieved the most flourished development thanked tothe good selection andthe use of thestate staff. Under this dynasty, the selection of functionaries through many advanced methods including selection and examinations. Examinating used to be the most important form of mandatory recruitment. The exams were held very seriously together withthe reasonable regulations aboutthe use of bureaucrats. Nowadays, the servants' activities havenot been effective due to regulations about selection and use of the state staff. By researchinglegal regulations of the Le’s dynasty on the selection and usefunctionaries, our legal system should carry out the mechanism to select cadres by examination method, abandond lifelong servant regime and switch to contract regime, restrict the userelative people within the same state agencies and allow the local people to directly vote chairpersons of the People's Committees at the ward level in order to improve the effective ofthe servants' activities today.

The article is to examine the provisions of Business Law in 2014 on the subject of capital contribution at the stage of establishing business for various types of businesses: limited liability company, partnership, joint-stock company but neither state-owned businesses nor businesses with foreign elements and State businesses. From the analysis of the provisions of Business Law in 2014 on the basis of comparison with the relevant legal documents combined with the fact finding, the article has pointed out the limitations, contradictions, inadequacies in the provisions of the law on the subject contributed capital to establish business. At the same time, the article proposes some ways to improve the law on this issue. The article will make a significant contribution to the consistency of the existing legal documents in general and contribute to the completion of Business Law in 2014 in particular.

The article refers to the legal provisions, specifically the provisions of Business Law in 2014 on the subject of assets valuation contributed capital to business for various types of businesses: limited liability company, partnership, joint-stock company. The article does not mention to the businesses with foreign elements and State businesses. From the analysis of legal provisions, the article has pointed out the limitations of the law on the subject of assets valuation contributed capital to business, and proposed some ways to improve the law on this issue. The article only stops at the analysis of the words in the provisions of the law, so the article only proposed the direction to improve the words of the provisions of the law on the subject of assets valuation contributed capital to business in Business Law in 2014. This article will contribute a small part to the completion of Business Law in 2014 on the subject of assets valuation contributed capital to business - activities that greatly affect the capital size of business and the State management for business.